8 MEMOIRS OF TPIE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. 



he thought the chloroplasts had not yet assumed form, and the 

 degeneration of these bodies was seen in etiolated examples of 

 Cuairbila, Zea Mais, and Heliant/uis anmnis. He noted that ger- 

 minating bulbs of Allium Ccpa produced leaves of the usual length 

 in darkness, but these organs were more slender and thinner, not 

 showing the central lysigenetic cavity. The protoplasm in this plant 

 as well as in Beta vulgaris, Apiuvi graveblens, Zea, HeliantJjtis, 

 Phaseolus, and Cucurbita grown in darkness appeared highly 

 granular. 



Seedlings grown in darkness appeared to continue existence until 

 all of the reserve material in the seed was exhausted, and then died 

 unless brought into light of an intensity sufficient to cause the forma- 

 tion of food at such rates as to show the presence of starch in the 

 leaves. Starch was always found in the guard cells of the stomata 

 of such presumably starved specimens. It is well established by the 

 results of more recent workers that the seedling rarely if ever totally 

 exhausts the available supply of food in the seed. 



Normal stomata were produced by etiolated plants of Beta vul- 

 garis. Dahlia variabilis and Phaseolus multijlorus, except that the 

 chloroplasts were in the etiolated condition. 



Inflorescences of Nicotiana thrust into a dark chamber un- 

 folded the corollas normally and produced seeds of a size above the 

 normal, which germinated in the usual manner. Adventitious roots 

 were formed in great abundance on portions of stems of Phaseolus, 

 Vicia Faba, Helianthns tuberosus. Cactus speciosus and Cicuta virosa 

 in darkness much more abundantly than in light ; many of these plants 

 not forming such organs in light. A group of monocotyledonous 

 species included in Zea, Triticum, Crocus, Iris, Hyacinthus, Tulipa 

 and Allium formed etiolated leaves of a length greatly in excess of 

 the normal, but of inferior width in darkness. 



Hyacinthus leaves attained an exaggerated length but the laminae 

 were rolled up in cylindrical form, an observation which was confirmed 

 by my own observations. Leaves of Tragopogon forrifolius were of 

 the customary length in darkness, while those of Phaseolus, Tropaeo- 

 lum, Humtilus, Begonia and Solanum attained only a fraction of their 

 normal size in darkness, and in some species retained the position 

 assumed in the bud. Etiolated specimens of Bryonia bore tendrils 

 of average size which were normally sensitive and were able to grasp 

 supports; an observation previously made by von Mohl. Leaves of 



