MEMOIRS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. 23 



Vines'" examined Detmer's conclusions as to photo-epinasty and 

 photo-hyponasty and demonstrated that such movements are sponta- 

 neous, and not induced, though occurring under certain intensities of 

 illumination. It was asserted that the above terms might only be 

 properly applied to adaptive movements, such as those in which the 

 leaf assumes a vertical position in consequence of unfavorable in- 

 tensities of illumination. 



In an attempt to make an orderly classification of the fungi num- 

 erous observations of variations in form have been made as far back 

 as the latter part of the eighteenth century. A few of these observa- 

 tions have been noted on the previous pages, and a thorough biblio- 

 graphical account of this aspect of the subject was published by 

 Elfving,''^ in 1890. Elfving concluded that light retarded many of 

 the synthetic processes of fungi, though not all of them, and that the 

 ultra-violet as well as the visible rays participated in such action. 

 Similar influence was exerted upon respiration. Diffuse light had 

 effects similar to darkness and diverse reactions were exhibited by 

 various species. 



Busch made a number of systematic tests of the endurance and 

 development of green plants in darkness in 1889, the principal result 

 of interest in this connection being that fruits not normally containing 

 much chlorophyl might attain normal development in darkness if the 

 leaves were illuminated." 



Recent researches tend to show that light has but little influence 

 upon respiration, yet some notable differences are found between the 

 respiration of etiolated and normal plants. Much work upon this 

 phase of the subject has been done by Palladine,*" who concluded 

 that the respiratory activity of etiolated shoots is considerably aug- 

 mented by the introduction of sugar into the tissues. The respira- 



"' Vines, S. H. On Epinast}' and Hyponasty. Annals of Botany, 3: 415. 1889. 

 ''^Elfving. Studien iiber die Einwirkung des Lichtes auf die Pilze. 1890. 

 '* Busch, H. Untersuchungen ueber die Frage ob das Licht zu den jmmittelbaren 

 Lebensbedingungen der Pflanzen oder einzelner Pflanzenorgane geliort. Inaug. Diss. 

 Bremen. 1889. 



^^ Palladine, W. Transpiration als Ursache der Formiinderung etiolirter Pflanzen. 

 Ber. d. Deut. Bot. Ges. 8: 364. 1890. 



Palladine, W. Eiweissgehalt der griinen und etiolirten Blatter. Ber. d. Deut. 

 Bot. Ges. 9: 194. 1891. 



Palladine, W. Ergriinen und Wachstum der etiolirten Bliitter. Ber. d. Deut. 

 Bot. Ges. 9: 229. 1891. 



Palladine, W. Recherches sur la respiration des feuilles vertes et des feuilles 

 etiolees. Rev. Gen. d. Bot. 5: 449. 1893. 



