l8o MEMOIRS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. 



normal. The subepidermal cells were well marked and large air 

 spaces were to be seen between them and the epidermis. The 

 development of the xylem scarcely exceeded that of the etiolated. 

 (Fig. 147.) 



Woodwardia radicans Sm. 

 Rootstocks of Woodzvardia placed in the dark room in 1900 

 show a succession of stalks 25 to 30 cm. long and 3 to 4 mm. thick, 

 bearing a few brownish scales which fell off later. The laminae 

 and its branches remained as tightly rolled cylinders, which showed 

 a distinct tinge of green, but which began to decay with no indications 

 of opening. In its development it agreed fairly well with other 

 Polypodiaceae. 



The normal specimen has a leaf with a stalk 20 to 25 cm. long 

 and passing into a rachis with a length at least 50 per cent, greater. 

 The pinnae are widely spreading, are 20 to 30 cm. from tip to tip. 

 The etiolated specimens therefore show only a development of the 

 stalk perhaps slightly elongated beyond the normal, with the entire 

 foliaceous portion inactive. 



ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS. 

 Acer rubrum L. 



A young tree of the red maple was brought into the dark room 

 in November, 1901, and buds began to elongate on the lower part 

 of the main stem early in the following May, followed later by the 

 activity of others over various portions of the main stem and of 

 the branches. The older etiolated stems reached a length of 15 to 

 65 cm. by July 22, and were about twice the thickness of normal 

 twigs and shoots of the same tree formed during the previous season. 

 Juvenile sprouts from the bases of young trees growing in the open, 

 however, during the early summer, developed stems fairl}^ equal to 

 the etiolated ones, both in length and thickness. The etiolated stems 

 were but weakly erect, soon falling over by their own weight where- 

 upon the apical portions curved upward apogeotropicallj-, giving the 

 stems the appearance of trailing, and reminiscent of Acer circinatum. 

 The normal branches of the tree in the dark room during the previous 

 season in the open air, and of other trees in the open developed 



