MEMOIRS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. 265 



which were both shorter and narrower than the normal. The pin- 

 natifid leaves of Brassica underwent an excessive elongation of the 

 basal portion, thus producing a long petiole in etiolated organs, and 

 was held in a position more nearly upright than in normally cultivated 

 plants. The entire etiolated laminae was extended, but only a small 

 proportion of the stomata attained full differentiation. Etiolated 

 leaves of Delphinium had petioles two to five times the normal length, 

 and the laminae remained in closely rolled clumps, with but little 

 capacity for transpiration. In this, as in the species described above, 

 the etiolated petioles were held in a position more nearly upright 

 than in the normal (see also Gasiei'ia, p. 109). Galium offered a 

 curious reversal of the action shown by A^oseris and other leaves in 

 which exaggerated growth of the basal portion of the leaves ensues 

 in darkness, for the narrowing of the basal portion of the leaf to a 

 petiolar structure was entirely lacking in etiolated plants of the 

 former. The leaves arising on aerial stems of Hydrastis subtending 

 the peduncles did not make any increased growth of the basal por- 

 tion and reached but a fraction of their normal extension. Etiolated 

 leaves of Ipovicea developed leaves of ordinary proportion of lamina 

 and petiole, both being smaller and shorter than in the normal, and 

 were held in an erect position. The sessile leaves of Lysimachia 

 did not show any attenuation of the basal portion when etiolated, and 

 were much smaller in all dimensions than normal organs, also being 

 held in an appressed position against the stem. Leaves borne on 

 branches of stems of Pkaseolus which were thrust into dark chambers 

 in " partial etiolations " after the manner used by so many investi- 

 gators had extended and unfolded laminae, which were held in more 

 or less nearly normal positions, while those of fully etiolated seedlings 

 had petioles of a length much less than the normal, being simple, and 

 were held in an erect position, or appressed against the stem. Etiolated 

 leaves of Phytolacca were smaller both as to petiole and lamina than 

 the normal, being only a fraction of the size of normal organs. The 

 two leaves borne on the flowering stems of Podophyllum showed di- 

 verse reactions. Ordinarily these organs are fairly equal in size, but 

 in etiolated plants, the petioles might be elongated beyond normal 

 dimensions, or might be nearly sessile, owing to the non-development 

 of the petiole. Moreover, in all instances the pair of leaves failed to 

 make an equal growth (see Fig. iii), the laminae reached an exten- 

 sion mirch less than that of the normal, being held in various distorted 



