320 Tertiary. 



diately upon the right bank of the Missouri river, and only six or 

 eight feet above the ordinary stage of water, other scratches having a 

 direction S. 41° E. 



Prof. F. V. Hayden found erratic bowlders scattered over the country 

 in northeastern Dakota, of all sizes and texture, and especiall}^ numer- 

 ous in the valley of the James river and its tributaries. 



In 1869, Dr. E. Andrews* said, that throughout Central Illinois the 

 ancient Pliocene soil still lies undisturbed beneath the bowlder drift. 

 This soil has been met with in excavations at so many independent 

 points, that it may, probably, be considered as the usual floor on which 

 the drift rests. Two of the best observations of it were obtained at 

 Bloomington, Illinois. In sinking two coal shafts, the workmen first 

 passed through 118 feet of unmodified drift clay, whose bowlders and 

 pebbles were all of northern origin, and often scratched by the action 

 of ice. Directly beneath this was a bed of ancient soil, on which logs 

 of wood lay scattered confusedly about, and in which the stump of a 

 tree still stood where it grew. Beneath the soil bed lay various sands, 

 gravels, and clays, and a second dirt bed, but no more northern drift. 

 The stump was of coniferous wood. All of the original drift is clearly 

 stratified. 



In 1873, Eobert Bellf found the stiff' red clay of the Kaministiquia 

 valley, extending westward up the vallej^ of the Mattawa to the out- 

 let of Shebandowan lake, becoming apparentl}^ less abundant all 

 the wa3% and finall}^ disappearing on reaching the lake. Around 

 the shores of this lake, and of nearly all the lakes passed, by way of 

 Lonely lake and the English and Winnipeg rivers to Lake of the 

 Woods, wherever the vegetation is burnt off", the rocky mammillated 

 hills are seen to be strewn with rounded and angular bowlders, from 

 the size of a man's head to a diameter of 30 to 40 feet. Many of these 

 are perched in positions from which they look as if they might be 

 easily rolled into the water below. The striae on the surface of the 

 rocks occur almost everywhere, and are verj- general in their course 

 from south to southwest. 



In 1875, Prof. George M. Dawson;]; found the striae on the rocks at 

 Lake of the Woods varying in their course from S. 20° E. to S. 87° W. 

 Bowlders and traveled materials are spread over the country in this 

 vicinity, and especially on the south side of the islands. 



••= Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. xlviii. 

 T Geo. Sur. of Canada. 

 \ Rep. Geo., 49th Parallel. 



