332 Tertiary. 



instances occur in Kane, Dupage, Eichland, Monroe, Morgan, Tazewell, 

 and other counties. Indeed, in nearly every portion of the State, re- 

 mains of trees are found in the ancient soil in which they grew in situ 

 beneath the gravelly clays and hard pan of the drift. 



In Martin county, Indiana, near the town of Shoals, on the 0. & M. 

 railroad, there are numerous outliers of sandstone of carboniferous 

 age, high and sharp ridges, and much wild and rugged scenery. A high 

 ridge terminates near the east fork of White river, from the top of which 

 there is a projecting mass of conglomerate sandstone, called the "Pin- 

 nacle," which stands 170 feet above the level of the -stream. On the 

 north side of this ridge, there is a tall outlier, which is called " Jug 

 Rock," from the resemblance which it bears to a jug. It is 42 feet 

 high, and supports, on its top, a flat projecting layer, which is called 

 the " Stopper." A picture of this rock forms the frontispiece to the 

 Second Report on the Geological Survey of that State, by E. T. Cox. 

 The "Knobs," or "Knob stone formation," of Southern Indiana, is so 

 named from outliers of subcarboniferous sandstone that have protected 

 the underlying shaly rocks from denudation during all the ages that 

 have passed since the Carboniferous era. Warren county is situated 

 in the northwestern part of the State, and is deeply covered by the 

 drift, near the base of which, and resting on a broken and irregular 

 floor of Coal Measure rocks, there is generally found a bed of cla}' 

 somewhat intermixed with quicksand and black muck. In sinking a 

 shaft to the base of this drift, an ancient soil, containing the roots of 

 trees and shrubs in situ was discovered, notwithstanding the passage 

 through more than 50 feet of the bowlder drift and clay. And it may 

 be laid down as a rule, in Indiana, that in all cases where the soil was 

 not swept off b}' the flood of waters in the drift period, it will be found, 

 at the base of the drift, containing the evidences of land vegetation, 

 not materially distinct from that which now prevails on the top of the 

 drift deposits. 



There are extensive driftless areas in eastern and southern Ohio. 

 These are marked by outliers, monument rocks, sharp ridges, rugged 

 scenery, and the total absence of the drift sand, gravel, and bowlders, 

 that characterize drift areas. The outspread of the drift materials 

 from the north extends to the sources of the rivers that flow into the 

 Ohio, and over more or less of the land intervening between the minor 

 branches, near where the leading streams arise; but below this, the 

 drift material is found only in the valleys of the principal rivers. It 

 seems that wherever the valley was large enough to carry oflJ the flow 



