CHAP. Cl. ULMA‘CEA. U’LMUS. 1399 
_ This is a beautiful highly characteristic tree, generally growing to 
one side, spreading its branches in a fan-like manner, and stretching 
them out sometimes horizontally, and at other times almost per- 
pendicularly downwards, so that the head of the tree exhibits great 
variety of shape. By some, this variety is considered to belong to 
an American species of elm; but from its large rough leaves, its 
vigorous young wood and large buds, and, above all, from its flower- 
ing at the same time as U. montana, and, like it, ripening abundance 
of seeds, which no American elm whatever does in Europe, we have 
not a doubt that it is a variety of U. montana. For particular 
situations in artificial scenery it is admirably adapted : for example, 
for attracting the eye, and fixing it, in order to draw it away from 
some object which cannot be concealed, but which it is not de- 
sirable should attract notice. There is a handsome tree of this 
variety in the Hammersmith Nursery, where, after being 12 years 
planted, it is 30 ft. high. One in the Horticultural Society’s Garden 
was, in 1834, after being 10 years planted, 26 ft. high. 
* U. m. 9 fastigiata Hort., U. glabra replicata Hort. Dur., U. Férdi Hort., 
U, exoniénsis Hort., and the plate in our last Volume. The Exeter 
Elm, Ford’s Elm.—A very remarkable variety,with peculiarly twisted 
leaves, and a very fastigiate habit of growth. The leaves, which are 
very harsh, feather-nerved, and retain their deep green till they fall 
off, enfold one side of the shoots. The whole habit of growth of 
of U. m. fastigiata is remarkable; and it forms a singular cup- 
shaped tree, that cannot be mistaken for any other. Its foliage is 
darker than that of any other elm, save that of U.c. virens. (See 
p. 1376.) This variety was raised at Exeter, by Mr. Ford, nur- 
seryman there, about 1826. It is of less vigorous growth than 
the preceding varieties ; but, being of a very marked character, it 
well deserves a place in collections. There is a handsome tree of 
this variety, 16 ft. high, in the Horticultural Society’s Garden, and 
plants in most English nurseries, 
€ U. m. 10 crispa, ? U. crispa Willd. The curled-leaved Elm.—The tree 
of this variety in the Horticultural Society’s Garden is 8 ft. or 10 ft. 
high, and rather of a slender and stunted habit of growth. 
Other Varieties. Several might be taken from catalogues, both timber 
trees and curious plants ; but the former, such as U. montana vegeta Lindl., 
we think may be best classed under U. m. glabra, and the latter are of so 
little merit, that we hardly think them worth recording in this work. (See 
Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836.) 
Description, §c. The Scotch elm has not so upright a trunk as the English 
elm; and it soon divides into long, widely spreading, somewhat drooping 
branches, forming a large spreading tree. It is “of quicker growth than U. 
campéstris ; and the wood is, consequently, far inferior in hardness and 
compactness, and more liable to split. The branches are, in some individuals, 
quite pendulous, like the weeping willow. Their bark is even; downy in a 
young state. Leaves larger than any of the foregoing; broadly elliptical, 
with a longer copiously serrated point; rough on the upper surface, with 
minute, callous, bristly tubercles, but less harsh than most of the preceding; 
the under surface downy and paler, with straight, parallel, transverse ribs, 
copiously hairy at their origins and subdivisions. Flowers rather larger and 
paler, in looser tufts than most of the species; each in 5, 6, or 7 oblong-acute 
segments, and as many broad, rather heart-shaped, dark purple anthers. Cap- 
sule broadly obovate or elliptical, and almost orbicular, with a shallow notch 
at the end, not extending half way to the seed.” A native of the northern 
and temperate parts of Europe. ( Watson.) It is found in numerous places in 
Britain; and is the most common elm in Scotland and Ireland. From the leaves 
somewhat resembling those of the hazel, Gerard tells us that, in Hampshire, “it 
is commonly called the witch hasell. Old men affirm,” he adds, “that, when 
