CHAP. CII. JUGLANDA‘CEA. JU‘GLANS, 1433 
ang both divisions being, in others, fitted to the wood and bark in the or- 
dinary way. Both modes of operating were equally successful. In each of 
these methods of grafting, it is advantageous to pare away almost all the 
wood of both the divisions of the scions; and, therefore, the wide dimensions 
of the medulla, in the young shoots of the walnut tree, do not present any in- 
convenience to the grafter.’ (Zvrans, Hort. Soc., 2d ser., vol. i. p. 216.)” 
Culture. The nuts may be sown as soon as gathered, if there is no danger 
from vermin ; but, if there is, it is better to defer sowing till February. The 
most convenient mode is to deposit the seed in drills, 2 ft. apart from each other, 
placing the seeds at from 3 in. to 6 in. apart in the drills. The advantage of 
sowing in drills is, that the plants, being all at some distance from one another, 
come up with greater vigour, and their taproots may be shortened about 
midsummer, by inserting a spade on each side of the drill in a slanting direc- 
tion, so as to cut off their points. In France, in some cases, the nuts are 
germinated in a heap before sowing; and the points of the taproots are 
pinched off with the finger and thumb, as is done with almonds. (See p. 678.) 
Whether the nuts are sown in drills or broad-cast, almost the only attention 
required in their culture while in the nursery is, to shorten once a year their 
tap, or main, roots, in order to induce them to throw out fibres, for the purpose 
of facilitating their transplantation. No tree requires less pruning than the 
walnut, either in a young or in a mature state ; though there can be no doubt 
that in the case of this tree, as in that of all others, thinning out some of the 
shoots will add vigour to the leaves and fruit of those which remain. Evelyn 
mentions, that he had been told by an industrious and very experienced 
husbandman, that, if walnut trees be transplanted as big as one’s middle, it 
may be done safer than when younger; and Bosc, in the Nouveau Cours 
@ Agriculture, recommends them not to be removed from the nursery till the 
stems have attained the height of 5ft. or 6 ft. from the ground, and are 5in. 
or Gin. in diameter. Pits, he says, ought to be previously dug for the trees, 
8 ft. in diameter, and 3 ft. deep, and the soil exposed to the air some months 
before the time of transplanting. When the planting is performed in autumn, 
all the branches may be left on till spring ; because the severity of the winter 
would injure the wounds made by cutting them off.. Early in spring, before 
the sap begins to rise, the head of the tree is entirely cut off, leaving only a 
main stem terminating in the stumps of the principal branches. The wounds 
in these stumps are carefully covered with plaster composed of loam and cow- 
dung, or grafting clay, secured from the weather by straw and cords, or by a 
board nailed over the plaster, and cemented on the edges ; because the wood 
of the walnut, especially that of the young trees, is so spongy and porous, that 
it is more easily injured by the weather than that of most other trees. The 
nails, being driven into the heart-wood, do no kind of injury to the tree, that 
wood having lost its vitality. Trees headed down and treated in this manner, 
in France, push out shoots of great vigour the first year; and these being 
thinned out, or rubbed off, the remainder soon form a head, the branches of 
which so completely obliterate the wounds made by the decapitation which 
took place at transplanting, as to render it next to impossible to discover 
where they were situated. This, indeed, takes place with all the road-side trees 
in France, which are headed down in a similar manner when they are trans- 
planted. As the winters in England are less severe than they are in the 
greater ye of the Continent, or, at least, are attended by a moister atmo- 
sphere, large wounds are less liable to become cracked or otherwise injured 
by severe frost. Hence, when walnut trees, or any other trees, of very large 
dimensions, are transplanted in Britain, they may be headed down immediately 
on removal, without any fear of the consequences. This will give the trees 
the advantage of the winter for the preparation, or swelling, of the buds which 
are to form the next year’s shoots; because it must not be forgotten, that in 
trees, as in all other plants, the sap is in motion, to a certain extent, during 
the whole winter. 
Soil and Situation. The walnut tree attains the largest size in a deep loamy 
