1656 ARBOKETUM AND FRUTICETUM. PART III, 
high rocky places between Canada and Virginia, and 
about the western lakes; where it forms a tree from 
70 ft. to 80 ft. high. (Pursh.) When introduced is 
uncertain; the P. levigita of Aiton, which is often 
confounded with this plant, and of which there are 
plants in the Horticultural Society’s Garden and in 
Loddiges’s arboretum, being a variety of P. trémula. s 
It flowers in Marchand April. According to Michaux, 
the trunk of the Canadian poplar is furrowed, even 
in its old age, as well as on its young branches. It is 
remarkably hardy, growing in the Atlantic states, on 
the river Missouri, 1500 miles from its confluence 
with the Mississippi; while the Carolina poplar (P. 
angulata), which is often confounded with it, is not 
found above 100 miles from the confluence of the two rivers; and its ~ 
annual shoots are frozen, both there and in Europe, by a degree of cold 
that does not appear to have the least effect on those of P. canadénsis. 
In Britain, the Canadian poplar used to be very commonly propagated in 
nurseries, and extensively introduced into plantations; but, within the last 
30 years, the black Italian poplar (P. monilifera) has been substituted for it. 
Bosc says that the Canadian poplar approaches nearer to P. nigra than 
any other species, and that it is the best of all poplars for planting, where 
the production of timber, with a view to profit, is the object. This cor- 
responds perfectly with the character of P. monilifera in this country, 
which we suppose to be an improved variety of P. canadénsis. The 
natural uses of the tree are the same as those of P. nigra; the young shoots 
being given to horses, as their food, on the banks of the Missouri; and the 
branches being eaten by beavers. The Canadian poplar is propagated by 
cuttings of the young wood, about 18 in. long, put in during autumn. “ It is 
remarkable,” Bosc observes, “ that the first shoots produced from these 
cuttings are always curved at the lower extremity; though in a few years 
this curvature entirely disappears. The same thing,” he says, “ takes place 
with the cuttings of P. monilifera.” The fine poplar avenues in the lower 
parts of the gardens of Versailles are formed of this species. 
Statistics. In England, in the environs of London, at Mount Grove, Hampstead, 14 years planted, 
it is 30 ft. high ; in Surrey, at Walton upon Thames, 42 years planted, it is 110 ft. high, the diameter 
of the trunk 3 ft. 8in., and of the head 60 ft. ; in Worcestershire, at Hadzor House, 22 years planted, 
it is 55 ft. high. In Scotland, near Edinburgh, at Gogar House, it is 100 ft. high, the diameter of 
the trunk 2 ft. 5in., and of the head 30 ft. In Ireland, near Dublin, in the Cullenswood Nursery, 
10 years planted, it is 50 ft. high ; in Fermanagh, at Florence Court, 30 years planted, it is 70 ft. 
high. In Belgium, at Ghent, in the Botanic Garden, it is 100ft. high. In Saxony, at Worlitz, 
60 years old, it is 60 ft. high, with a trunk 13 ft. in diameter, In Bavaria,in the Botanic Garden, 
Munich, 81 years old, it is 60 ft. high, with a trunk 18in. in diameter. In Austria, at Vienna, 
in the University Botanic Garden, 60 years old, it is 48 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 
17 in., and of the head 24 ft. ; in Rosenthal’s:Nursery, 20 years planted, it is 53 ft. high, the diameter 
of the trunk 12 ft., and of the head 22 ft.; at Briick on the Leytha, 40 years old, it is 70 ft.high, the 
diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and of the head 36 ft. 
‘Commercial Statistics. Price of plants, in the London nurseries, 5s. per 
hundred ; or single plants, of some height, ls. each; at Bollwyller, 14 franc 
each; at New York, 25 cents. 
% 9. P.(N.) BETULIFO‘LIA Pursh, The Birch-leaved Poplar. | 
Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 619. ; Spreng. Syst. Veg., 2. p. 244, 
Synonymes. P. nigra Micha, Fl. Amer. Bor., 2. p. 244.; P. hudsénica Michx. Arb., 3. p. 293. t. 10. 
f. 1.; North Amer. Syl., 2. p. 230.; P. hudsoniana Bosc, and Lodd. Cat., ed. 1836; American black 
Poplar, Amer.; Peuplier de la Baie d’Hudson, Fr. ' 
The Sexes. It is uncertain whether it is the male or female plant that is in European collections. 
Engravings. Michx. Arb., 3. t. 10. f.1.; Michx. N. Amer. Syl, 2. t. 96. f. 1.; and our fig. 1516. 
Spec. Char., §c. Young branches yellow. Branchlets hairy when young. Pe- 
tioles yellow, and also hairy when young. Disk of leaf rhomboid, but much 
acuminated ; toothed in every part of the edge; hairy on the under sur- 
face when young, but afterwards glabrous. (Pursh.) The catkins are 
4 in, to 5in. long, and destitute of the hairs which surround those of several 
other species. (Michx. jun.) A tree, growing to the height of 30ft. or 
os. 
el Sa 
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