1860 j ARBORETUM AND FRUTICETUM. PART III. 
is only about a century since the tree was introduced into this country, very 
few specimens have attained a sufficient size to be cut down for timber, and 
very little experience has been obtained on the subject. One of considerable 
dimensions, felled, a few years ago, in a part of the Mile End Nursery which 
was given up for building on, and employed as posts and boarding in a stable, 
is said to have decayed with extraordinary rapidity. Mr. Atkinson, who has 
made several experiments with the wood of the common oak (see p. 1787.), 
wished to try some with that of Q. Cérris, but was only able to obtain one 
specimen of sufficient age grown in England, This was about 1826, when 
two trees were cut down at East Hampstead, in Berkshire, a seat belonging 
to the Marquess of Downshire; and the wood was made into doors for the 
principal rooms of the mansion. The wood of this tree, Mr. Atkinson says, “is 
much finer in the grain than that of our British oak, or foreign wainscot : it 
takes a better polish, and is more beautiful, than any other oak that I have 
ever seen. From only a single specimen, which I had broken, it was not so 
strong as our native oak, but equal in toughness; but my specimen being 
rather cross-grained, it was not a correct experiment, and I suspect it is 
equal in strength to our oak. For all ornamental purposes, where the 
wood has to be polished, it is superior; and must be a profitable tree to 
plant, as it grows much quicker than our common oaks; and I have seen it 
thrive rapidly in poor land.” (Hort. Tirans., 2d series, vol. i. p. 338.) On 
application to the Marquess of Downshire, in March, 1837, to ascertain the 
present opinion entertained at East Hampstead respecting the wood of the 
Turkey oak, we have been informed that the wood is not much inferior to 
that of the English oak if kept quite in the dry; but that it will not stand in 
water, or in situations where it is alternately wet and dry, so well as that spe- 
cies: that if the tree is allowed to grow to the ordinary age at which the 
British oak is felled, the wood is very apt to get shaky at the heart: and 
that Turkey oaks require to be felled as soon as any dead twigs are seen in 
the topmost boughs ; or in about 60 or 80 years after planting. Mr. Richard- 
son, who has witnessed the rapid growth of the Q. Cérris at Lady Tankerville’s 
villa at Walton on Thames, where he has been gardener for upwards of 40 
years, says that, in deep sandy soil, it grows much faster, and makes a taller 
straighter tree, with more timber in the trunk in comparison to what is con- 
tained in the branches, than either the common oak, or any other species of 
the genus. (See Gard. Mag., vol. x. p. 336.) In the Dictionnaire des Eaux 
et Foréts, the wood is said to be very solid, and very good both for civil and 
naval purposes ; more especially that which is grown in the south of France; 
which, from the warmth of the climate, is found to be harder and more durable 
than that grown in the north. Bosc, and also the writers of the article on 
Quércus in the Nouveau Du Hamel, say that the wood is preferred for ship- 
building in the south of France ; and also that the tree attains a larger size on 
poor sandy soil than the common oak. In Olivier’s Travels, it is stated that 
the wood of Q. Cérris is brought to Constantinople from the southern shores 
of the Black Sea, and employed both in ship-building and in the framework 
of houses. Whatever may be the properties of the wood of the Turkey oak 
in the south of Europe or the Levant, the experience of it in Britain, hitherto, 
can hardly justify our recommending it for other purposes than those of 
cabinet-making and joinery, The tree, however, is one of very great beauty, 
both in point of form and foliage; and, being of great rapidity of growth, it is 
equalled by few for ornamental plantations. The foliage of some varieties is 
persistent, like that of the beech and the hornbeam: and of others, supposed, 
as we have seen (p. 1855.), to be hybrids, it is subevergreen, or so near being 
completely evergreen, as to be retained on the trees till May. 
Propagation and Culture. The species, and most of the varieties, ripen 
acorns in England, from which plants are raised with great facility; but the 
varieties, like those of every other oak, being very liable to sport, can only 
be continued by grafting or by layers. The stocks employed may be either 
those of Q. Cérris, or of the common British oak ; and the grafting may be 
