1896 ARBORETUM AND FRUTICETUM. PART III. 
(Pinus Strdbus). It is found also upon the sea shore, and in the pine barrens. In the 
latter situation, it is frequently from 18 ft. to 20 ft. high, with a trunk 4 in. or 5in. in dia- 
meter; with entire leaves, 2in. or 3in. long, silky, and whitish beneath. In dry or 
sandy; places, it is only 3 ft. or 4ft. high, with denticulated leaves only 1 in. in length, 
which persist for 2 years. These changes are, however, not permanent, as F. A, Michaux 
found both kinds of leaves on the same tree. The upland willow oak is also often 
found in pine forests that have been cleared for cultivation, and afterwards abandoned 
on account of their sterility. In these places, as in the pine barrens, it is about 20ft. 
high ; and its trunk, crooked, and covered with a thick bark, begins to ramify at about 
a third of the height of the tree from the ground. In spring, it is distinguished by the 
reddish colour of its leaves and male catkins. The acorns, which are contained in shal- 
low cups, are round and blackish, with the base of a bright rose colour, when freshly 
exposed. It is rare to meet with a tree that yields a quart of fruit. (Michz.) The bark 
of this tree, like that of Q. tinctoria, dyes yellow; but the tree is so rare in America 
that no use is made either of its bark or wood. ; 
Q. P. 6 marétimus Michx. Quer., No.7.; Q. maritima Willd, Sp. Pl., iv. p. 424., Pursh 
Fl. Amer. Sept., ii. p. 625., N. Du Ham., vii. p. 150., Smith in Rees’s Cycl., No. 2.—A 
low shrubby plant, from 3 ft. to 8ft. high, according to Pursh; a native of the sea coast 
of Virginia and Carolina, The leaves are shorter than those of the species, and are per- 
sistent, It is sometimes called the evergreen willow oak. 
Description, &c. Q. Phéllos, in America, is seldom found above 50 ft. or 
60 ft. high, with a trunk 2ft. in diameter; but in England, according to our 
Statistics, it attains the height of 70 ft. and upwards. The trunk, even at an 
advanced age, is covered with a smooth bark. 
The leaves are 2in. or 3in. long, of a light 
green, smooth, narrow, entire, and very similar 
to those of the willow; whence the name of the 
willow oak, by which this species is known 
throughout the greater part of America. The 
shoots are straight, long, slender, wand-like, and 
not crossing one another so muchas in most of 
the other kinds of oaks; so that thetree is almost 
as much like the willow, inits shoots as its leaves. 
The acorns, which are rarely abundant, are 
small, round, bitter, and of a dark brown co- 
lour: they are contained in shallow cups, slightly 
coated with scales; and, if kept in a cool place, 
they will preserve the power of germination for 
several months. The most northern boundary 
of the willow oak is Philadelphia; but it is 
more common, and of a larger size, in Virginia, 
the Carolinas, and Georgia, where the mild- 
ness of the climate is evidently favourable to 
its growth. ‘It is seen, however, only in the 
maritime parts of these states, and is a stranger to the inland districts, where 
the surface is mountainous, and the climate more severe.” (Michx.) The 
willow oak generally grows in cool moist places; and, with Nyssa aquatica, 
Magnolia glaica, A‘cer rubrum, Ladrus carolinénsis, and Quércus aquatica, it 
borders the swamps in the lower part of the southern states. But, though 
the willow oak generally grows in moist places, it is sometimes found, along 
with the live oak, “near the sea, in the driest and most sandy soils. Ata 
distance, it resembles the live oak in its shape and in its foliage, which, in those 
situations, persists during several years; but, on a closer examination, it is 
easily distinguished by the form of its leaves, which are shorter and narrower, 
and by the porous texture of its wood.” (Id.) Catesby calls this oak Q. 
I‘lex marylandica, after Ray ; and mentions that, in 1723, it was growing in 
the garden of Mr. Fairchild. He adds that this tree is the favourite resort 
of the large white-billed woodpecker, which feeds upon the insects found in 
its bark, and injures the tree so much in dislodging them, that the ground 
under the tree is often covered with small chips. From this circumstance, 
the Spaniards call the birds carpenteros. (Catesb. Carol., i. p. 16.) Michaux 
adds that the wood is reddish and coarse-grained, and so porous, that its 
staves are classed with those of the red oak. From the comparative rareness 
of the tree, however, they are seldom in the market. In some of the lower 
parts of Virginia, the wood of Q. Phéllos is found to possess great strength 
