CHAP. CV. CORYLA CEE. QUE/RCUS. 1927 
which are close together and almost obtuse; green above, and downy beneath. The acorns are 
pedunculated, and half-enclosed in a smooth cup. The bark is cracked, but not corky, It is a native 
of Spain; and, according to Bosc, there is a plant at Trianon, raised from seed brought from Gib- 
raltar by M. Richard in 1754. - - “ 
Q. Bréssa Bosc Mém. sur les Chénes, p. 319.; Chéene Brosse at Nantes ; Chéne nain Bonami ; bears 
so great an analogy to Q. pyrenaica (see p. 1842.), that, according to Bosc, it may possibly be only a 
variety of that species : the leaves are, however, smaller and less velvety; the divisions are larger, wider 
apart, and more obtuse ; and the margins are less frequently denticulated. The leaves are cordiform, 
and slightly unequal at the base. The acorns (which Bosc had only seen when young) are borne five 
or six together on a long peduncle: the scales of their cups are broad and long. Bosc found this oak 
in great abundance between Périgueux and Bordeaux. De Candolle found it near Mons, Angers, 
and Nantes, where it was known by the name of Chéne Brosse. It grows in the most arid soil, where 
it is a low shrub, and appears to be the same that Bonami called the chéne nain. In good soil it 
grows much larger, and, Bosc observes, has probably been confounded with a variety of Q. sessilifldra, 
and Q. apennina, under the name of chéne a trochets. ; " : ; 
Q. viminalis Bose Mém. sur les Chénes, p. 316. ; Chéne Saule, Chéne Osier, Chene de Haie, Fr. 
(see p. 1737.) ; is found in the departments in the east of France. It is common on the Jura, and7on 
the mountains of the Vosges. It seldom grows higher than 6 ft. or 8ft., with a grey bark; leaves 
resembling those of Q. pedunculata, but much smaller, of a brighter green, and always very smooth. 
The fruit is sessile, and the nut is deeply buried in the cup. The wood is white, and so pliant, that it 
is extremely difficult to break it. Excellent hedges are made of this species in the countries where it 
is indigenous, because it produces its shoots constantly from the collar, and, consequently, forms a very 
thick mass of branches, which cross each other, and often form natural grafts. When these hedges 
are cut down, the larger pieces of the wood are used for fuel, and the smaller shoots made into baskets, 
which are of very great duration. The stools throw up strong, straight, flexible shoots, 5 ft. or 6 ft. 
in length, which are excellent for all the purposes of wickerwork. According to Bosc, this species 
does not change its nature by transplanting; as a tree at Versailles has exactly the same aspect which 
those have which grow between Langres and Dijon, where, he says, the species is well known to the 
inhabitants as being quite distinct. So desirable a kind ought certainly to be introduced into Britain ; 
and plants may, doubtless, be obtained from Dijon, or from Messrs. Audibert, at Tarascon. 
Q. dspera Bosc Mém. sur les Chénes, p. 328.; le Chéne apre, Fr.; has the leaves petioled, cori- 
aceous, of a medium size, elongated irregularly, but not deeply lobed ; the lobes broad, pointed, and 
mucronated. The upper surface of the leaf is studded with small tubercles, beset with stiff bristle- 
like hairs, disposed in stars, which are very rough to the touch ; the under surface is downy. This 
species does not attain any great height. Bosc states that this oak stands the open air in the neigh- 
bourhood of Paris ; from which circumstance it may possibly not belong to Q. J‘lex, which requires 
protection there during winter. - : 2 
Chéne Lézxermien Bosc Mém. sur les Chénes, p. 328., is nearly allied to the preceding kind ; but 
the leaves are sessile, oval, and simply, though broadly, dentated: they are mucronated and rough 
above, and downy beneath. Bosc dves not mention any Latin name to this oak, but states that he 
gave its French name in honour of the director of the nursery in which it grew. He adds, “I have 
received a specimen of this species under the name of chene Turner ; but, as I have stated before, 
I think that name belongs to the chéne de Gibraltar (Q. Psedido-Suber).” Like the preceding sort, the 
chéne Lézermien is said to be hardy in the neighbourhood of Paris. 5 ; 
Chéne Caslillan Bosc Mém. sur les Chénes, p. 528., has the leaves oval, pointed, slightly to- 
mentose beneath, with unequal teeth, each terminated by a sharp turned up point. The acorns 
are borne three or four together on short peduncles. Bosc found this oak in great abundance in 
Spain, on the sandy mountains of Old Castile. He observes that it has been probably confounded 
with @. &4spera and the chéne Lézermien, to which it is very nearly allied; and adds, ‘‘ I have 
never seen specimens of it more than 10 ft. or 12ft. high. Its wood appears to be very hard. Its 
acorns are eaten both raw and cooked, as are those of the two above-named kinds. Their taste is very 
inferior to that of the chestnut; but itis not disagreeable. ‘The consumption of these acorns in Spain 
is considerable, if 1 may judge from the quantities of them that I saw in the market at Burgos, when 
I passed through that town. This oak grows in the poorest soils.’”” From the above description, it 
appears to us not improbable that the chéne Castillan may be the Q. gramantia L. : 
0. lusitdnica Lamb. Dict., 1. p. 719., Willd., No. 32, N. Du Ham., 7. p. 162., Smith in Rees’s 
Cycl., No. 39.; Q. valentina Cav. Ic., 2. p. 25. t. 129., and our fig. 1817.; Rodbur 4, Clust. Hist., p. 18., 
and Rdbur 5. p. 19.; Galla, sive RObur majus Ger. N 
Emac., 1348., and G, minor Ger. Emac., p. 1349. ; the : <9 
Portuguese Gall Oak ; Chéne du Portugal, Fr.; has 
the leaves elliptical, with deep pointed serratures; 
downy beneath. Fruit racemose. Calyx hemi- 
spherical, Nut oblong. (Willd.) A shrub, or low 
tree, somewhat resembling Q. infectdnia ; a native of 
Portugal, said to. have been introduced into England 
in 1824, Lamarck says that this species consists of 
several varieties, all very low shrubs, subject to bear }j 
sae ; their branches copious and slender; their 
eaves small, intermediate in form between the ever- 
aie and the ordinary oaks of Europe. Willdenow 
escribes the leaves as 1 in. long, oblong, obtuse, and 
rigid ; their serratures somewhat pointed; the upper 
surface polished and smooth ; the under hoary with 
slender, starry, crowded hairs. Footstalks short. Fruit racemose, or, rather, on a sort of spike. 
Willdenow adds that the figure of Cavanilles scarcely answers to the plant in question; and, indeed, 
that author describes his species as a tree taller than Q. J‘lex, with deciduous leaves, and large 
solitary acorns, (See fig. 1817., reduced from the figure of Cavanilles, and which shows a gall on one 
of the leaves.) Bosc says that this species is cultivated in the Pépiniére du Roule, where it was a 
shrub from 5 ft. to 6 ft. in height, and retained its leaves till the end of winter. It flowered freely, 
but did not produce any fruit, and could only be propagated by inarching. Capt. Cook, as we have 
seen p. 1906. thinks this species the Q. Balldta of Valencia, and the sameas the Q. Ballita of 
which he saw plants some years ago at Messrs. Malcolm’s. 
Q. prisina Pers, Syn., 2. p. 568., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 161. t. 44 f. 1., and > 1818.; Q. glatica 
Bosc Mém. sur les Chénes, p. 26. ; has the leaves persistent, oval-oblong, dentated, and rather spiny ; 
very smooth, and glaucous; acorns on peduncles, This oak does not attain a great height; but, 
according to the Nouveau Du Hamel, it partakes more of the character of a tree than of a shrub. 
From a specimen in the Jardin des Plantes, it appears that the full-grown tree would probably be 
about 15 ft. or 20 ft. high, with numerous, slender, spreading branches, perfectly smooth. The leaves 
