1954 ARBORETUM AND FRUTICETUM, PART III. 
white when fully exposed to the air. The leaves are shining, thin, changing 
to a brown or russet colour in autumn; and, on soil somewhat moist, or in 
wet autumns, remaining on the tree throughout the winter. On young trees, 
and on trees planted in hedgerows and pruned, the leaves are more certain 
of remaining on during the winter, than on large, old, and detached trees. 
The head of the beech is, in general, so dense, that plants do not readily grow 
under it; which is also partly owing to the leaves requiring a long time to 
decay after they fall. The branches of the beech, whether in old or young 
trees, generally take an upright direction, and form acute angles with the 
stem; though, in old trees, the lower branches are often horizontal, and some- 
times bent down in the middle, and curving upwards at the extremity. The 
branches are very numerous, and the smaller shoots much divided ; but the 
direction both of the branches and spray is always more or less straight, as 
compared with that of the branches and spray of the oak, the ash, and some 
other trees. The roots do not descend deeply into the soil, but extend to a 
considerable distance close under the surface. The rootlets and fibres are 
not nearly so numerous as in the ash and the elm. The barren flowers are 
in round, stalked, drooping heads, or catkins, of a light brown colour, 
and 3 or 4 in each head. The fertile ones are placed above them on the 
branch, and are solitary, and on stouter stalks than the male catkins. The 
calyx of the fruit is 4-cleft, clothed with simple pliant prickles. The 
stigmas are 3 in each flower; spreading, acute, and downy. Nuts 2, with 3 
egual very sharp angles, and crowned with the inner calyx. The flowers 
appear in May, and the fruit ripens in October. The fruit, when ripe, opens 
at the upper extremity, in four divisions; and, after a short time, the nuts 
frequently drop out, leaving the calyx, or cup, which contained them, attached 
to the tree. The nut contains a white oleaginous substance, agreeable to eat. 
The seedlings of this tree, Sir J. E. Smith observes, when newly sprung up, 
with their pale cotyledons, look not unlike some kinds of fungus. The 
plants, under nursery culture, do not grow so rapidly as those of the ash and 
the elm; but, under favourable circumstances, they will attain the height of 
10 ft. in 5 years, and 20 ft. or 25 ft. in 10 years. The height of the tree, when 
full grown, and in a situation where it is allowed to spread, may be considered 
as from 60 ft. to 80 ft. In Germany, according to Willdenow, it is from 50 ft. 
to 60ft.; but, when drawn up by other lofty-growing trees, it sometimes 
attains the height of from 100 ft. to 120 ft., as may be seen in the figures of the 
King and Queen Beeches, at Ashridge, given in our Statistics, in a future page. 
A spreading beech, at Studley Park, of which jig. 1878. is a portrait to a 
scale of 30 ft. to 1 in. (drawn for us by H. W. Jukes, Esq., by the permission 
Mrs. Lawrence), is 114 ft. high, and exhibits, in respect to general form 
and ramification, the common character of the tree when growing detached 
from all others. The life of the beech tree, in its native habitats in Ger- 
many, according to Willdenow, extends to 200 years, and upwards, The 
oldest beech tree in England is probably that in Windsor Forest, which 
is supposed to have been in existence before the Norman Conquest, and 
will be hereafter figured and described. In general, the tree attains its 
full growth, in England, in 60 or 80 years, when it is fit to be cut down for 
timber purposes; and, on good soils, it is more than doubtful whether it will 
live much more than 100 or 150 years. When the tree is cut, the wounds 
heal quickly over, so as to leave but very slight scars ; and, when branches are 
cut off close to the trunk, it is not liable to throw out fresh shoots. Accord- 
ing to German authors, the beech, when treated as coppice-wood, will continue 
to send up shoots till it has attained the age of 30 or 40 years, but seldom to 
a greater age; and, hence, it is not well adapted either for coppice or under- 
wood. The tree, when under a course of nursery culture, and before it is 
removed to its final destination, suffers severely from the removal of any of its 
branches; but, when once established as a hedge, it bears pruning as well as 
any other tree. The branches of the beech, particularly in woods, being much 
crowded, and having a smooth bark, are particularly liable to cross and grow 
