1992 ARBORETUM AND FRUTICETUM. PART III. 
p. 163.) Such are the uses of the chestnut tree on the Continent ; from which, 
we think, it will not be wondered that Emmerich (Culture of Forests, &c.), and 
German authors generally, should consider the chestnut as not ranking as a 
forest tree. 
We shall now take a short view of the uses of the chestnut tree in England 
from the time of Evelyn. This author commences by saying, that “ the chest- 
nut is, next the oak, one of the most sought after by the carpenter and joiner. 
It hath formerly built a good part of our ancient houses in the city of London, 
as does yet appear. I had once a very large barn near the city, framed entirely 
of this timber ; and, certainly, the trees grew not far off, probably in some woods 
near the town; for, in that description of London written by Fitz Stephens, 
in the reign of Henry IL., he speaks of a very noble and large forest, which 
grew on the boreal part of it, and which was well stored with all sorts of good 
timber.” (Hunt. Evel., i. p. 161.) It is evident that Evelyn here falls into 
the common error, already noticed, of confounding the chestnut with the oak. 
He goes on to say that the chestnut affords the best stakes for palisades, props 
for vines and hops, and is good for mill timber and water-works, or where it may 
lie buried ; “ but if water touch the roots of the growing tree, it spoils both fruit 
and timber.” It does well, he says, if kept dry, for columns, tables, chests, 
chairs, stools, and bedsteads; and, for tubs and wine-casks, “ which it pre- 
serves with the least possible tincture of the wood of any whatsoever. If the 
timber be dipped in scalding oil, and well pitched, it becomes extremely dur- 
able; but, otherwise, I cannot celebrate the tree for its sincerity, it being 
found that, contrary to the oak, it will make a fair show outwardly, when it 
is all decayed and rotten within : but this is in some sort recompensed, if it be 
true that the beams made of chestnut tree have this property; that, being 
somewhat brittle, they give warning, and premonish the danger by a certain 
crackling; so as, it is said, to have frighted those out of the baths at An- 
tandro, whose roof was laid with this material, but which, Pliny says, was of 
hazel, very unlike it. Formerly, they made consultary staves of this tree; 
and the variegated rods which Jacob peeled to lay in the troughs, to impress 
a fancy in his father-in-law’s conceiving ewes, are said to have been of this 
material. The coals are excellent for the smith, being soon kindled, and as 
soon extinguished; but the ashes of chestnut wood are not convenient to 
make a lee with, because it is observed to stain the linen.” (Hunt. Evel. Sy/., i. 
p. 162.) Cook, who may be considered as Evelyn’s contemporary, recom- 
mends the chestnut for coppice-wood, and says the timber is very useful. 
Miller falls into the error of his time, in considering the old roofs of oak as 
being formed of chestnut ; and hence he recommends the latter, as being a 
very valuable kind of timber; though, in the edition by Martyn, this author 
states that he thinks the timber supposed by Miller and other writers to be 
chestnut, in our old buildings, is only oak of a different grain, and of an inferior 
quality. Marshall says, “ The uses of the chestnut have been highly extolled, 
and it may deserve a considerable share of the praise which has been given io 
it. As a substitute for the oak, it is preferable to the elm; but it is liable to 
to be shaky; and there is a deceitful brittleness in it.” This property is also 
mentioned in White’s Se/borne ; and with the addition, that “‘ towards the heart 
the wood is cup-shaky; that is to say, apt to separate into small pieces like 
cups, so that the inward parts are of no use. They are bought for the pur- 
poses of cooperage, but must make but ordinary barrels, buckets, &c. Chest- 
nut sells for half the price of oak; but has sometimes been sent into the king’s 
dock, and passed off instead of oak.” In another place, he observes that “the 
timber and bark” of old chestnut trees “are so very like oak, as might easily’ 
deceive an indifferent observer.” Pontey says that the wood and bark of the 
chestnut are known to possess the same valuable properties as those of the oak. 
Mitchell says that the wood of the chestnut is preferable to that of the oak, 
either in buildings or fences, and particularly for park poles. Mathew seems 
to confound the wood of the chestnut with that of the oak, observing that, in 
England, “ many of the largest of our ancient piles are wooded of it.” Its 
