2012 ARBORETUM AND FRUTICETUM. PART 111, 
bed for two years; after which they may be planted into nursery lines, and 
undergo the usual routine treatment. The varieties are usually propagated 
by layers; and, according to Sang, the species was formerly propagated in this 
manner in large quantities ; but, the plants so raised never arriving at great 
stature as timber trees, the hornbeam came to be considered more as a shrub 
than as a forest tree, and its planting was neglected, except for hedges. It is 
now, however, never propagated otherwise than by seeds. 
Accidents, Diseases, Insects, and parasitic Plants. The hornbeam, from the 
toughness of its branches, and the tenacity with which its roots take hold of 
the soil, is scarcely ever injured by high winds; it is, however, very liable to be 
barked, and sometimes entirely destroyed, by mice, when the seedling plants 
first appear above the ground ; and afterwards, till the tree is five or six years 
old, by hares and rabbits, neither of which will touch any other kind of tree 
in the same plantation, till they have stripped the hornbeam of every particle 
of its bark within their reach. It is liable to few diseases; but, when pruned 
or otherwise wounded in spring, it bleeds freely ; sometimes, also, a kind of 
gum, in filaments, oozes out of the fissures of the bark. This genus is red- 
dish, easily dissolved in spirits of wine, and analogous to lac. (See Dict. des 
Eaux et Foréts, &c.) The hornbeam does not appear to be much subject to 
the attacks of insects. *Hybérnia prosapiaria, *Hirnera pennaria, +Gedmetra 
carpiniaria, *Campze‘a margaritata, Clorissa putataria, are lepidopterous in- 
sects, which, in the larva state, either entirely or partially subsist upon the 
leaves. CicOnes carpini is a small beetle found under the bark ; Céccus car- 
pini is found upon the stems, with the ordinary habits of the scale insects; and 
one of the saw-flies, J’enthrédo carpini, is thus named from its feeding upon 
this tree. The fungi that are found on the hornbeam are: Polyporus adtstus 
Willd, vax. carpineus; Sphee‘ria decipiens Dec.; and Stilbédspora magna Berk., 
syn. S. Carpini Sow., t. 376., and fig. 16613. in the Encyclopedia of Plants, 
singular for the large tendrils which are formed by the oozing sporidia. 
Sphz‘ria fimbriata Pers. and Sphee‘ria carpinea Fr. on the leaves, and S. 
Carpini Pers. on the twigs, have not yet been observed in this country; but 
there is little doubt that they will reward the research of some botanist, in 
countries where the hornbeam is prevalent. 
Statistics. Recorded Trees. Miller speaks of some hornbeams that he had seen in woods, 70 ft. 
high ; but he does not give their circumference. Marsham mentions.a hornbeam in Lord}Petre’s park 
at Writtle, in Essex, which, in 1764, measured, at5ft. from the ground, above 12 ft, in circumference. 
(Bath Soc. Pap., i. p. 66.) Evelyn mentions the hedges at Hampton Court as being from. 15 ft. to 
20 ft. high. Dr. Walker, in his Essays, &c., mentions a hornbeam at Bargally (see p. 95.) which mea- 
sured, in 1780, 6 ft. 2in. in circumference, had 20 ft. of clear trunk, and was 70 ft. high. In France, 
the hornbeam is so generally used for garéen hedges, that there does not appear to be any large old 
trees ; but Evelyn informs us that, in Germany, it was formerly the custom to plant a clump of these 
trees “ before the entries of most of the great towns; to which they apply timber frames for the 
people to sit and solace in. Scamozzi, the architect, says that in his time he found one whose 
branches extended 70 ft. in breadth : this was at Vuimfen, near the Necker, belonging to the Duke 
of Wirtemberg.” (Hunt. Evel., i. p. 144.) 
Existing Trees of Carpinus Bétulus. South of London: in Devonshire, at Endsleigh Cottage, 12 
years planted, it is 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the head 10ft.; in Dorsetshire, 
at Melbury Park, 60 vears planted, it is 72 ft. high, girt of trunk 7 ft., and diameter of the head 60 ft. ; 
in Hampshire, at Alresford, 81 years planted, it is 66 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2ft., and of 
the head 31 ft. North of London: in Denbighshire, at Llanbede Hall, 50 years planted, it is 56 ft. 
high, girt of the trunk 8 ft. 4in., and diameter of the head 36 ft.; in Lancashire, at Latham House, 
60 years planted, it is 48 ft. high, diameter of trunk 2 ft. 6in., and that of the space covered by the 
branches 51ft.; in Northamptonshire, at Wakefield Lodge, 15 years planted, it is 22ft. high, the 
diameter of the trunk 5in., and of the head 8 ft. ; in Oxfordshire, in the Oxford Botanic Garden, 
40 years planted, it is 25 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the head 20ft.; in Pem- 
brokeshire, at Stackpole Court, 50 years planted, it is 53 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 6in., 
and of the head 50 ft. ; in Shropshire, at Willy Park, 9 years planted, it is 25 ft. high ; in Suffolk, at 
Finborough Hall, 60 years planted, it is 80 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2ft. 3in., and of the 
head 40 ft. ; in Warwickshire, at Combe Abbey, 60 years planted, it is 42ft. high, the diameter of 
the trunk 2ft., and of the head 42 ft. : in Worcestershire, at Hadzor House, it is 33ft. high, with a 
trunk 5 ft. 4in. in girt ; at Croome, 20 years planted, it is 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 10 in., 
and of the head 15 ft. : in Yorkshire, in Studley Park, there are several trees from 50 ft. to 60 ft. high, 
three of which have been already figured.—In Scotland, near Edinburgh, at Hopetoun House, it is 
40 ft. high, the diameter of trunk 1 ft. 10in., and of the head 35ft. South of Edinburgh: in the 
Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, at St. Mary’s Isle, it is 48 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and of 
the head 47 ft. ; in Haddingtonshire, at Tynningham, diameter of the trunk 1ft. 10in., and that of 
the head 36 ft. North of Edinburgh: in Argylishire, at Toward Castle, 15 years planted, it is 20 ft. 
high, diameter of trunk 6 in. ; in BanffShire, at Gordon Castle, it is 54 ft. high, diameter of trunk 
2ft. 9in., and of the head 30 ft. ; in Clackmannanshire, in the garden of the Dollar Institution, 
12 years planted, it,is 30 ft. high ; in Perthshire, at Taymouth, 40 years planted, it is 60 ft. high, dia- 
meter of trunk 8 in., and of head 30 ft.; in Renfrewshire, at Polloc, it was in 1836 6 ft. Gin, in circum- 
