§ 167. HESPEFJDIN, ETC. 171 



acetate of lead, yello^v. Zander ^ has recently found a glucoside 

 allied to datiscin in the seeds of Xanthium strumarium. For 

 phy salin, Avhich can easily he extracted by shaking with chlore - 

 form (§ 55), see Dessaignes and Chautard ;- for cMcamarin, see 

 Geissler.3 The latter is soluble in acetic ether, insoluble in ether, 

 chloroform, bisulphide of carbon, and benzene. It is precipitated 

 by tannin, and by basic acetate of lead. Cone, sulphuric acid 

 dissolves it with red coloitration passing to rose ; with alkalies it 

 forms reddish-brown solutions. 



HespencUn shows a disposition to form sphsero-crystals. It is 

 sparingly solulile in Avater and cold alcohol, freely in warm 

 alcohol and acetic acid, but insoluble in ether. Ferric chloride 

 colours it brownish-red f cone, sulphuric acid gradually bright red 

 (limonin the same). Acetate of lead produces no precipitate. If 

 a solution iu dilute potash is OA^aporated to dryness, the residue is 

 coloured red, passing to violet when warmed Avith excess of dilute 

 sulphuric acid. Hesperidin can be recognised under the microscope 

 as spha?ro-crystaIs soluble in Avarm alcohol. 



Crocin (polychroite) forms a dark red poAvder sparingly soluble 

 in ether and Avater, more easily in alcohol. Cone, sulphuric acid 

 colours it blue. Dilute acids resolve it into glucose and crocetin 

 (insoluble in Avater), a saffron-like odour being developed during 

 the decomposition. Basic acetate of lead precipitates crocin.^ 



Glycyrrhizin'^ is deposited from glacial acetic acid in sphasro- 

 crystalline masses of prismatic needles. After purification Avith 

 acetic acid it is almost insoluble in water (forming a jelly with it), 

 but may nevertheless be extracted (in combination Avith bases) 

 from liquorice-root by that menstruum. It contains nitrogen, is 

 sparingly soluble in absolute, more easily in boiling 90 per cent. 



1 ' Chem. über die Samen von Xanthium strumarium,' Diss. Dorpat, 18S0. 



2K Eepert. f. Pharm, i. 216, 1851 (Amer. Journ. Pharm, xxv. 135, 136). 



^ Archiv d. Pharm. [3], vii. 289, 1875 (Pharm. Journ. and Trans. [3], vi. 

 1010). 



* Compare Hoffmann, Ber. d. d. chem. Ges. ix. 250, 685, 1876 (Journ. 

 Chem. Soc. xxx. 420, 421); for aurantiin, murrayin, limonin, ibid.; also 

 Hilger, ibid. 26 (Journ. Chem. Soc. xxix. 709). For naringin, see Archiv d. 

 Pharm. [3], xiv. 139, 1879. See also Dehn, Zeitschr. f. anal. Chem. ii. 103, 

 1866 ; and Tiemann und Will, Ber. d. d. chem. Ges. xiv. 946, 1881. 



^ See Weiss, Journ, f. pract. Chem. ci. 65, 1868 ; Stoddart, Pharm. Journ. 

 and Trans. [3], vii. 238, 1876. 



"Compare Habermann, Annal. d. Chem. und Pharm, cxcvii. 105, 1879 

 (Pharm. Journ. and Trans. [3]. x. 45, 1879). Habermann changes the name 

 to glycyrrhizic acid. 



