§ 190. AMIDES; AMANITINE, ETC. 205 



glaucine, see Probst;^ fimarine, see Pommier, Hannon, and 

 Preuss;- gelsemine, see Eobbins^ (cf. §§ 55, 171); hydrastine, 

 see Tevrins -j^ jurubebine, see Greene;^ loturine, see §168; meni- 

 spermine and par amenisper mine, see Szteyner ; ^ oleandrine, see 

 Leukowsky ;^ oxyacantJiine, see Polex f pelletierine (punicine), see 

 Tanret.' 



Pereirine, see Goos-^*^ It dissolves with purple colour in nitric 



acid. 



Sparteine, see Mills (cf. § 55) ;ii taxine, see Marme (cf. §§ 55, 

 171) ;^2 hjcopodine,^^ nupharine.'^^ 



§ 190. Amides. — The following are amides of less complex 

 constitution occasionally met with in plants : 



Amanitine, which may be distinguished from muscarine by the 

 properties of the gold salt (§ 183) and by the negative results 

 of physiological experiments. ^^ It is isomeric, but not identical 

 with choline (neurine, sinkaline), and is converted into muscarine 

 by the action of nitric acid, whereas, under similar conditions, 

 cMi7ie yields betaine ( = butylalanine and oxyneurine). Musca- 

 rine differs from betaine in being more powerfully alkaline. ^^ 



1 Annal. d. Chem. und Pharm, xxix. 120, xxxi. 250, 183S (Amer, Journ. 

 Pharm, xxxiii. 9). 



" N. Eepert. f. Pharm, ii. 469, 1853 ; Viertel jahresschr. f. pract. Pharm, 

 iii. 68, 1852 ; Zeitschr. f. Chem. ii. 414, 1866. 



3 Jahresb. f. Pharm. 152, 1876 (Amer. Journ. Pharm. 191, 1876). Robbins 

 identified the so-called gelsemic acid with aesculin. 



* Pharm. Journ. and Trans. [2], iii. 546, 1862, See also Mahla, Journ. f. 

 pract. Chem. xci. 248 ; Prescott, Amer, Journ. Pharm, xlvii. 481, 1875 ; 

 Hale, ibid. 247. 



* Amer. Journ. Pharm, xlix. 506, 1877. 



6 Jahresb. f. Pharm. 141, 1878. 



7 Ibid. xlvi. 397. 



8 Archiv d. Pharm. [1], vi. 271, 1824 (Amer. Journ. Pharm, xxxiii. 455). 



ä Journ. de Pharm, et de Chimie, xxviii. 168, 1878 (Pharm. Journ. and 

 Trans. [3], ix. 450). 



lö Chem. Centralblatt, 610, 1839. Compare also Peretti, Journ. de Chim. 

 med. xxvi. 162. 



^1 Annal. d. Chem. und Pharm, cxxv. 71, 1862. 



12 Jahresb. f. Pharm, 93, 1876 ; compare also 636, 1878 (Pharm. Journ, and 

 Trans. [3], 893, 1877). 



13 Annal. d. Chem. und Pharm, ccviii. 363, 1881 (Pharm. Journ. and Trans. 

 [3], xii. 280, 1881). 



1* Grüning, loc. dt. 



15 Compare Schmiedeberg, Ber. d.d. chem. Ges. iv. 693, 1871, and Harnack, 

 loc. cit. (Pharm. Journ. and Trans. [2], xi. 365, 1869). 



16 For betaine see Scheibler, Ber. d. d. chem. Ges. ii. 292, 296, 1869 ; identity 

 with oxyneurine, ibid. iii. 155 ; with lycine see Husemann, Schweiz. 



