45 
November the species does not again appear in the records during 
the year. In 1898 there is an unusual midwinter pulse on January 
11 of 146,280, followed by a decline and irregularities due to the ris- 
ing winter flood (Pt. I., Pl. XII.). At the middle of March a rapid 
increase ensues, culminating April 26 at 891,648,000 on the declin- 
ing spring flood. A decline to 197,683,200 is found at the close of a 
week, and it is accelerated by the secondary spring flood, which 
attains the overflow stage of 15 feet in the closing days of May 
(eto Ie, Pl XAT). With the decline of this flood in June a Second 
pulse appears, increasing from 15,080 on May 26 to 336,194,880 on 
June 14, and at the end of three weeks the species practically dis- 
appears from the plankton. A few scattered entries appear during 
the summer and fall, and a minor pulse of 10,500 appears on Decem- 
ber 20, followed by a decline in the next month. 
This species in our waters exhibits a well-defined vernal pulse 
towards the end of April at about 60°, but no autumnal pulse 
appears when this temperature recurs. There is a slight indica- 
tion of a minor midwinter pulse at the minimum temperatures 
of the vear. This occurrence of a midwinter pulse was noted 
by Whipple and Jackson (’99) in the reservoirs of the Brooklyn 
water-works, and in the same paper its seasonal distribution in 
Fresh Pond, Lake Cochituate, and Wenham Lake, Massachusetts, 
is given for the years 1890-97, in the majority of which a mid- 
winter pulse commensurate in magnitude with the vernal pulse is to 
be found. Autumnal pulses are of infrequent occurrence, the vernal 
pulse being the most frequent but not constant. In European 
waters no such long-continued examination of the seasonal distribu- 
tion of this organism has as yet been reported. Apstein (96) finds 
two pulses per year in Pldner See—in May and the last of Julv; and 
two in Dobersdorfer See, one in April and one in October, separated 
by midsummer and midwinter minima. Lauterborn (’93) finds that 
this species in the “ Altwasser”’ of the Rhine attains its maximum in 
June and again increases in October. In the backwaters of the Elbe, 
Schorler (00) reports Astertonella as abundant in April, June, July, 
and October, but refers the organisms to the preceding species. The 
existence of the vernal pulse only in our waters is thus somewhat 
unique, and the cause of the phenomenon probably lies in some 
environmental conditions, perhaps in our peculiar bacterial and 
sewage contamination of the autumn. Our vernal pulses appear on 
