201 



water, likewise in concenti-ated sulpliiiric acid, in alkalies witli a 

 violet-red hue. Combines with bases to amorjihous salts, the 

 soluble ones (of the alkalies) possessing a slightly acerb taste. 



SillltOlliu or SniltOllic Acid^Cso His Oe- Bitter, resinous 

 acid of wormseed (Artemisia Cina and A. Siberi). Digest with 

 alcohol of 40% and with hydrate of lime, strain, distil the alcohol, 

 filter the remnant, concentrate and acidify with acetic acid. Collect 

 the Santonin which has formed, wash with cold alcohol and re- 

 ci-ystallise from boiling alcohol with aid of animal charcoal. — 

 Forms coloiirless, klino-rhombic needles and tabular crystals, in- 

 odorous, slightly bitter; more bitter when dissolved in alcohol; 

 fuses at 169°, sublimates and becomes decomposed afterwards; 

 tin-ns yellow slowly in diffused, rapidly in direct sunlight; dis- 

 solves in 5000 parts cold and in 250 parts boiling water, in 43 

 jiarts cold and in 3 parts boiling alcohol of 80%, in 75 parts cold 

 and in 42 parts boiling ether, in 4*35 parts chloroform, the solu- 

 tions being of neutral reaction; in diluted acids not more 

 abundantly than in water; readily in alkalies and in alkaline 

 earths, also in oils, undecomposed and coloui-less in concentrated 

 sulphuric acid and reprecipitable by water. It behaves to- 

 wards bases like a weak acid; the compounds of the alkalies and 

 alkaline earths being soluble in water, not the other com})ounds, 



Sai)iiii-Re(l=BRAsiLiN. 



Saponin =C36 Hos O24. (Named, also, according to the origin, 

 Githagin, Monesin, Monninin, Polygalin, Quillajin, Senegin, 

 Struthiin.) In plants of various orders, especially in Caryo- 

 phyllepe, as in the root and herb of Saponaria officinalis, in the 

 root of Gypsophila Striithium, in the root and seed of Lychnis 

 Githago, in the root-bark of Acacia lophantha, and perhaps 

 other species, in the root of Monninia polystachya and Polygala 

 Senega, in the Monesia-bark (Lucuma glycyphla^a), in the root of 

 Quillaja Saponaria, in the fniit of Sapindus Saponaiia and 

 Aesculus Hippocastanum ; in the root of Polypodium vulgare, 

 and many other ferns. Boil, preferably, the root of Gy])sophila 

 Struthiuni, with alcohol of 0"824; let the decoctions stand cold, 

 collect the sediment of Saponin, wash with ether and alcohol, 

 and dry at 100°. — White, not crystalline, powder, which produces 

 sneezing, of at first sweetish, afterwards burning, }}ungent and 

 lastingly acrid taste, of neutral reaction, readily soluble in water, 

 yielding a dense froth, even in solutions containing 1-1 0th °l^; 

 dissolves more readily in aqueous than in strong alcohol, in 400 

 jiai'ts absolute alcohol, yielding solutions devoid of the frothy 

 property; insoluble in ether and in volatile oils; is decomposed 

 by heat; breaks up on boiling with diluted sulphuric acid into a 

 ■carbo-hydrate and other products ; dissolves little in cold alkalies, 

 more in warm ones; is precij^itable by acetate and sub-acetate. 



