8 PRACTICAL BOTANY. 



lar ducts, and commonly furnished with distinct foliage. 

 The Orders of this class are : the Horse-tails (Equisetacese) ; 

 the Ferns (Filices) ; the Club-mosses (Lycopodiacese) ; 

 Adder-tongues (Ophioglosseae), and Quillworts (Rhizocar- 

 pese or Ilydropterides). 



Celhdar Cryptogams are flowerless plants, destitute of 

 vascular ducts. We divide them into leafy and leafless 

 cellular cryptogams. 



The Leafy division comprises the Chara family (Cha- 

 raceae), the Liverworts (Hepaticse), and the Mosses (Musci 

 frondosi). 



The leafless division, that of the Thallophytes, consists 

 of the Lichens (Lichenes) ; the Mushrooms and Moidds 

 (Fungi), and the Seaweeds (Algae). 



SO. Pii.ENOGAMS, to which our ordinary herbs, shrubs, 

 and trees belong, are the higher grade of plants. Their 

 flowers produce seed. The seed contains a ready-formed 

 emhryo, or rudimentary plantlct. (PI. III. Id.) 



30, Tiie Emhryo consists of the Badicle (stemlet, axis), 

 1 or 2, rarely more, Cotyledons (leaves), and the Plumide. 

 The Plumxde (a little bud) contains, in a rudimentary 

 state, the future stem and leaves. 



31, The organs of the flowers are, some of them, in- 

 dispensable to the production of seeds, while others serve 

 merely to protect and support them. 



33, Thus we distinguish two kinds of floral organs : a, 

 the ESSENTIAL ORGANS, wliich are the Pistils and Stamens, 

 and J, the teotecting organs, which are Xho floral leaves, 

 also called Perianth or Perigone. 



33. A Pistil is the seed-bearing organ of the flower, 

 and distinguished into three parts — namely, beginning 

 from below, the ovary, the style, and the stigma. (Plate 

 ly., 6c.) 



