STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 61 



Gynandroiis stamens are seen in Aristolochia and in 

 aU Orchids (§ 61. PL XI., 4J ; XIII., 12a). 



111. The ANTHER is usnallj borne at the top of the fila- 

 ment. As has been stated in § 109, it usually consists of 

 two lobes. Each of these lobes is generally l-celled ; in 

 rare cases, however, 2-celled (whole anther, 4-celled), as in 

 Tetranthera, Most anthers are 4-celled, when young, so 

 that a slender partition runs longitudinally through each 

 cell, which it divides into two portions, answering to the 

 upper and lower layer of the green pulp of the leaf. Here 

 and there we meet with l-celled anthers. They become 

 l-celled either by confluence^ the two cells of the kidney- 

 shaped anther (PI. lY., 5c) running together into one, as 

 in the Mallows, in Yeratrum, etc., or by the obliteration 

 and disappearance of one half of the anther, as in the 

 Globe Amaranth of the gardens. In Pentstemon (see 

 Fig. g in Cut XL) they are almost confluent. 



112. There are three modes of attachment of the an- 

 ther to the filament. The anther is said to be, «, in- 

 nate when it is fixed by its base to the very summit of the 

 filament, turning neither inward nor outward ; the 

 connective, in this case more or less conspicuous, is at- 

 tached by two opposite sides to the anther-cells (see 

 Cut XI., Fig. a) ; J, adnate^ when both cells are placed on 

 one side of a broad connective, leaving its opposite side 

 free (Figs. J, d^ e) ; <?, versatile, when it is fixed by a point 

 near its middle to the apex of the filament, so as to be 

 freely movable — for instance, in (Enotliera, and in all 

 grasses (Fig. c). 



The ADXATE ANTHER is either extrorse or introrse ; ex- 

 trorse (turned outward), when it occupies the outer side 

 of the connectile, looking toward the floral envelopes, as 

 in Liriodendron (Fig. h\ Asarum (Fig. e\ Iris, etc. ; in- 



