WOOD IN GENERAL 243 
to paint, for exterior finish; while hardness, as little shrink- 
age as possible, and an attractive appearance when polished 
are most desirable for interior finish. 
Furniture has needs similar to interior finish and at the 
same time demands special strength. 
Domestic utensils have no such need for beauty of material 
but generally require considerable strength and hardness. 
Fic. 228, I.— Willow (Salix sp., Willow Family, Salicacee). Staminate 
flowering branch. Pistillate flowering branch. (Baillon.)—Trees with 
yellowish or greenish flowers, dry fruits, and hairy seeds. Native home, 
throughout the North Temperate Zone. 
Boxes, including crates, need to be strong and when used 
for transportation, as light as possible. 
Cooperage, whether “dry,” as flour barrels, or ‘“‘wet,’’ as 
casks and tanks, or ‘‘white,’’ as tubs and pails, calls for wood 
which is stiff yet elastic and not liable to irregular twisting 
or warping even when in contact with fluid on only one side. 
Vessels, including all sorts of water-craft, present in the 
hull somewhat similar requirements to wine casks, the chief 
difference being that the fluid must be prevented from leak- 
ing in instead of leaking out. As regards the spars, uniform 
