272 INDUSTRIAL PLANTS 
74. Pseudo-woods, as we have seen, may be defined as 
more or less wood-like materials which, however, show no 
trace of pith rays or annual rings. 
Under the name porcupine-wood the outer harder part of 
A 
hh 
% 
4 
14 10 
Fic. 260.—Norway Spruce (Picea excelsa, Pine Family, Pinacee). 1, twig 
bearing staminate flowers. 2, twig bearing a pistillate flower. 3, ripe 
cone. 4-6, cone scales, bearing seeds. 7, seeds, with and without 
wing. 8, stamen, two views. 9, leaf, entire and cut across. 10, seed- 
ling, with seed-shell still attached. 11, same, older. 12, a ‘‘ pineapple 
gall” produced by the spruce aphis (Chermes abietis). (Willkomm )— 
Tree growing 45 m. tall; bark reddish brown; leaves dark green, glossy; 
flowers purple; fruit brown. Native home, Europe. Much planted. 
