392 VARIOUS PLANT GROUPS 
consisting of one or more carpels—or in other words—all that 
have an angiospermous 1 gynoecium. Nearly all seed-plants 
belong to this class. 
157. The pine family (Pinacez). Examples: juniper 
(Fig. 154, page 158), pine (Fig. 258, page 269), larch (Fig. 259, 
page 271), spruce (Fig. 260, page 272), red cedar (Fig. 261, 
page 273), redwood (Fig. 262, page 273), and hemlock (Fig. 
263, page 273). 
See formulas of Pinus, Larix, Picea, Tsuga, Sequoia, Juniperus, 
and Pinacez on pages 424-427. 
A considerable variety of opinion obtains among botanists 
regarding the morphology of the floral parts of the pine 
family. According to one view the catkin-like clusters, or at 
least the seed-producing ones, are aments of very simple 
flowers; while according to the other view what appears to 
be a catkin or spike is a cluster of stamens or of carpels, and 
thus represents a many-stamened or many-carpelled flower. 
Without discussing the relative merits of these rival inter- 
pretations, we may provisionally adopt the latter as being 
the simpler view and as best serving our present purpose.? 
The carpels differ from those of the case-seed class (Angio- 
sperm) in being flattened structures; hence the ovules are. 
exposed, or at least are not enclosed in an ovary. The gynee- 
cium is therefore called “‘naked-seeded”’ or gymnospermous.’ 
In fruit the gyncecium and elongated torus form a cone with 
more or less woody scales and axis; or, as in the junipers 
(Juniperus), these parts may become fleshy and consolidated 
into a berry-like fruit. 
The great majority of the pine family are easily recognized 
as more or less resinous, mostly evergreen trees, producing cones. 
158. The yew family (Taxacez) is exemplified by the yew 
(Fig. 204, page 213). 
See formulas of Taxus and Taxacez on pages 426, 427. 
Simplification of floral parts here reaches an extreme. In 
1 An’’gi-o-sperm’ous < Gr. aggion, a vessel; sperma, seed. 
2 In the formulas Tj indicates that the torus is here regarded as anal- 
ogous to an ament rachis. 
3 Gym’’no-sperm’ous < Gr. gymnos, naked; sperma, seed. 
