8 LAND AND FRESHWATER 
species possessing the comb-like appendage to the penis (flagellum). 
Unfortunately, up to date 1919 the animal of a true Bacillum has 
never been obtained, never even seen alive. Still 1 am inclined to 
think this genus comes in close to Glessula, in fact far closer than 
does Curvella or Harpalus. |The comb-like flagellum (Pl. CLXY. 
. 2c) is replaced by a short, pointed, simple one (Pl. CLXYV. 
fig. la), while in a Ceylon species it is massive, with an in- 
distinctly tripartite outline (Pl. CLXV. fig. 7 a, f.). 
Distribution—The absence of Glesaula in the North-West 
Himalaya and the Punjab is very remarkable, viz. from all the 
old valleys of the Punjab Rivers and the Ganges. Whether this 
feature extends to the Kali River and through Nepal to its eastern 
boundary, the valley of the Tambur, which Sir Joseph Hooker was 
the first to explore and describe, has to be discovered when that 
country becomes better known and is collected in. 
The only exception to the above distribution is the reported 
occurrence of one species, G. huyelt Pfr.in Kashmir. I have never 
seen or heard of its being found there; I was always collecting, 
and no man in my time saw so much of Kashmir Territory 
than I did. Iam inclined to be sceptical, for Kashmir has been 
fairly collected in by zoologists such as Stoliczka and Theobald, 
who were not likely to miss finding so large and conspicuous 
a shell, 37 mm. in length. 
Mr. Gude says (p. 387):—‘ When first described, its origin 
was unknown. Kashmir was first given as its habitat by Hanle y 
and Theobald. The species is allied to Glessula chessoni, but 
more solid in texture. The Cuming ‘Collection contains three 
specimens from Kashmir, with a label in Pfeiffer’s hand-writing.” 
It is, moreover, on the authority of Hanley and Theobald, 
Conch. Indica, p. 33; this means “ Hanley,” who had little regard 
for Geographical distribution. I saw a good deal of Hanley 
about 1869. He never grasped the enormous size of India: 
how different is the climate on its north and south, its vast 
plains and mountains. Consequently I am led to think, on 
learning that von Hiigel had visited Kashmir, any shell con- 
nected with him Hanley assumed from that part of India. 
With Eastern Nepal a great change takes place in the orography 
of the Himalays; the most elevated peaks, Mt. Everest among 
them, lie parallel to the plains at about 80 miles distant, and a 
chain glaciated and covered with snow is continuous for 500 miles 
as far as the Kali River. This must affect, even at the present day, 
the temperature of the valleys draining to the piains, and surely 
would have sufficed during the Glacial period to limit the Land 
Mollusea to the base of the hills, from which many species would 
never have returned or survived the change. It produced con- 
ditions thus far to the Kast similar, but on a small scale, to 
the disturbance of the fauna and flora in Europe caused by 
intense cold. Proceeding to the N.W. to the latitude of Kashmir, 
these conditions would have been intensified, for enormous glaciers 
4() miles long once filled the main valleys. 
The genus ranges all over Peninsular India, is more abundant 
