798 ARBORETUM AND FRUTICETUM, PART III. 
and their lower ex- 
tremities are nailed to 
pieces of wood (c), 
which, when the fence 
is put up, are buried 
in the soil to the depth 
of 2 ft. or 3 ft., as indi- 
cated by the dotted 
line d, so as to keep 
the espalier firmly in 
its place. In the mid- 
dle of each portion 
(such as that indicated 
in the figure) of the 
espalier, and equidis- 
tant from the stand- 
ards of hoop-iron,is the 
a standard of rod-iron 
~... (of the same thickness 
“as that used for the 
horizontal rails), e; to 
which these rails are 
fastened with wire, 
merely for the pur- 
pose of keeping them 
steady, and at regular 
distances from each 
other. The espalier 
may be extended to 
any length, by insert- 
ing the ends of the 
horizontal rods in 
cylinders of tinned 
pe | iron, as indicated at f, 
which is the tin cylinder, while g g are the ends of two rods which are to be 
inserted in it; or they may be joined in the manner of hooks and eyes, which: 
is the strongest mode, 
though not so neat as 
the other. The iron 
rods are generally 
about iin. in dia- 
meter, and 16 ft. long. 
Espaliers of this kind, 
being broader at bot- 
‘tom than at top, ad- 
mit of the rain falling 
on all the leaves from 
the top to the bottom ; 
and, whether they are 
covered with shrubs or 
trees, for the sake of 
their flowers, or for 
their fruit, they are 
alike handsome and 
advantageous. _— Dif- 
ferent sorts may be 
grown on each side of 
the espalier ; or only 
one sort may be placed 


