806 ARBORETUM AND FRUTICETUM. PART III.’ 
raised from seed when it is thought desirable to procure new varieties. The 
seeds, in either case, are separated from the hips when the latter are fully. 
ripe; and are either sown immediately, or mixed with sand and preserved till 
the following spring. They are then sown, and thinly covered with soil. The 
plants will come up the first season, and, with careful treatment, they will 
flower, in most cases, in the fourth or fifth year; but the varieties of R. sem- 
perflorens will frequently flower the second year, and sometimes even the 
first year. 
Culture. The rose, in an artificial state, may be considered in the light of 
an herbaceous plant ; in so far that it requires to be frequently taken up and 
replanted, that this may be done at almost any season, and, also, that it should 
have its old wood cut out every year, or every second or third year. 
Planting roses should, in general, be performed in the autumn ; but, with the 
more delicate varieties of China roses, and with #. multiflora, R. moschata, 
and their varieties, it may be deferred till spring. As roses have but few 
fibrous roots, the operation of planting them may be easily and rapidly per- 
formed; the chief point being to put some fresh soil in the hole along with the 
roots, and to press the earth firmly tothem. In cold clayey soils, Mr. Rivers 
recommends, as the best compost for roses, rotten dung and pit sand; and in 
warm dry soils, rotten dung and cool loams. When standard roses are to be 
planted in a broad border, it is almost unnecessary to observe, that those 
nearest the walk should be the lowest, and those at the greatest distance from 
it the highest. A border 15 ft. or 20 ft. wide, planted in this manner, with 
five or six parallel rows, quincunx in the plan, and rising one above another 
in the elevation, has a very splendid effect when the plants are in flower. 
Taking up and Replanting. The rose, whether grown as a standard ora 
dwarf, ought to be taken up every five or six years, even in good soils, and 
have its roots shortened and trimmed; a portion of the soil in which it grew 
should also be removed, and replaced by rich fresh loam. In unfavourable 
soils, Mr. Rivers remarks, this precess ought to be performed every third or 
fourth year. Dr. Van Mons says that the practice in Belgium, even in the 
best soils, is to take up the plants at the end of eight years, and either replace 
them in fresh soil, or throw them away, and substitute young plants. In com- 
mon flower-borders, where dwarf roses are not grafted, and where, of course, 
they produce suckers freely, they should be taken up every other year, and 
replanted ; the digging and manuring of the border occasioning a change in the 
position of the soil relatively to that of the plant, and thus producing nearly 
the same effect as the partial renewal of the soil. 
Planting to retard the Flowering of Roses. The rose may be taken up and 
replanted at any season, provided the shoots are shortened, and deprived of ail 
their leaves; and the soil in which they are planted liberally supplied with water. 
Hence roses, taken up just before they are coming into flower, and properly 
pruned and replanted, will produce their flowers in November ; or, by planting 
them in pots, and placing them in a shady situation, and then putting them 
under glass on the first appearance of frost, they may be made to produce 
their flowers about Christmas. Practices of this kind were formerly common 
among the florists of Paris, but have been, in a great measure, relinquished 
since the introduction of the sweet-scented China roses; which, placed in a 
moderate heat, under glass, in autumn, continue flowering all the winter. 
Roses may also be made to flower in the autumn by pruning them back in the 
spring, as soon as the flower buds are discoverable. The plant, in this case, 
as in that of taking up and replanting, makes a second effort to produce 
flowers, which effort is not attended with success till late in the season. 
The Rose des Quatre Saisons is a good sort for employing in these operations ; 
and Dumont observes that this rose, when pruned immediately after it has 
bloomed for the first time, may be made to produce its flowers during winter ; 
being, of course, protected by a hand-glass, and covered with mats during 
very severe weather. In all experiments for forcing roses in the open air, it 
must be remarked, that it is essential for the soil to be fresh and rich, and. 
the situation favourable. 

