
CHAP. XLII. ROSA‘CER. PY RUS. 887 
parallelopipedus Stephens, or lesser stag beetle, fig. 635.; in which a is the 
male, 6 the female, and c the larva), were, when grafted, so completely re- 
stored to vigour as to stop the ravages of this destructive insect. As the 
pear grafts readily on the different species of Sérbus, whenever these trees 
abound in woods, they may be changed into the finest sorts of French and 
Flemish pears, by the simple process we have been recommending. 
Accidents, Diseases, Insects, §c. |The pear, as a standard tree, is not liable 
to have its branches broken off or disfigured by the wind; nor is it nearly so 
liable to canker as the apple tree. It is liable to the attacks of insects, but 
certainly not so much so in fields as in gardens, and perhaps no where to the 
same extent as the other edible fruit-bearing Rosacez. Ona large scale, there 
is, perhaps, no cure worth attempting for insects or mildew on the leaves ; but 
shallow planting, surface manuring, and regrafting, are excellent preventives 
and correctives for these and all other evils to which the pear, and all other 
Rosiceze, are liable. The larva of the Zeuzéra z‘sculi Lat., the Wood Leo- 
pard Moth, (fg. 636.; in which 6 is the larva, and a three of its spiracles or 
breathing apertures,) lives upon the wood of the pear, as well as on that 

of the apple, service, quince, and probably of all the Rosacez ; as it is known 
to do on the horsechestnut, lime, walnut, beech, birch, and oak. Some idea 
may be formed of the manner in which this insect commits its ravages, by 
inspecting fig. 637., which is a longitudinal section of part of the trunk of a 
in. 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 in. 
Uitte nilbe) eee es eo pe ES eS 
Se wih TTS 
, €,©,/, i EEE cK 
pear tree, to a scale of 31 in. to a foot. The egg of the insect having been laid 
on or in the bark, the young larva appears to have entered by forming a small 
hole at a, and to have taken a downward direction in the soft wood; as the 
cavity was not more than an eighth of an inch sunk into the wood till reaching 
6, where it was rather more than three eighths, and was, when the section was 
made, partly filled with the excrements of the larva. At c, the cavity begins 
gradually to approach the centre of the tree, and take a regular shape, and 
continues at about half an inch in diameter as far as d ; the distance from 6 to 
d being 114 in. ; and the distance from d to the circumference of the tree 13 in., 
as shown by the transverse section at f. The larva of this insect is of a deep 
