906 ARBORETUM AND FRUTICETUM. PART III. 
little milk-white silken case, in which, after a few weeks, he becomes a chry- 
salis, and in this state remains throughout the winter, and until the following 
June, unless some unlucky black-headed tit, running up the trunk, peeping into 
every cranny, and whistling out his merry see-saw, happens to spy him; in 
which case, he is plucked without ceremony from his retreat, and his last 
moments are spent in the bird’s crop. But, supposing no such ill-fortune 
betide him, by the middle of June he is again on the wing, and hovering round 
the young apples on a midsummer evening, as before. By burning weeds in 
your garden, at this time of year, you will effectually drive away this little 
moth. If you have trees the crops of which you value, make a smoking (mind, 
not a blazing) fire under each. It will put you to some inconvenience if your 
garden be near your house ; but the apples will repay you for that.” 
The little grey Moth (Yponomeitita padélla Lat., Tinea padélla L.) makes 
great havock on hedges of the common hawthorn, on apple trees, and on many 
other trees and shrubs. Speaking of this insect, Mr. Main observes, “ Wher- 
ever the caterpillars seat themselves, they appear to be congregated in vast 
numbers : every spray is covered. The leaves vanish before them; so that by 
midsummer, not only single trees, but whole orchards, and entire hedges, from 
end to end, are completely defoliated. Their depredations cease when they 
change into the pupa state ; leaving the trees covered with the webs (or, rather, 
silky threads) by which the caterpillars had transported themselves from place 
to place, and every leaf shriveled, as if scorched by fire. These effects are 
familiarly known to many; but not so, or less so, have hitherto been the 
following points in the insect’s economy: the time and place in which the 
mother moth deposits her eggs; the time at which the caterpillars are hatched 
from the eggs; and their course of feeding, from the time of being hatched, 
to the time at which the effects of their ravages command our observation 
of them. These points have been elucidated by the investigations of the 
late Mr. E. W. Lewis, and by his brother, Mr. R. H. Lewis. From a 
communication on this subject by the latter gentleman, published in the 
Transactions of the Entomological Society of Tondon, we quote the following 
particulars:—‘ The mother moth deposits her eggs in the preceding year, 
generally on the small twigs, and chiefly on their under surface, in a circular 
patch about 14 line in diameter, which she covers over with a strong gluten, 
at first of a pale yellow, but which is afterwards, by the action of the atmo- 
sphere and rain, changed to a dark brown, very closely resembling the 
bark of the tree, and is then very difficult to be distinguished from it. The 
eggs hatch early in the autumn (the exact time I did not ascertain: I found 
them hatched in the beginning of October), and the larva remain in confine- 
ment during the whole winter, under the covering which is formed by the 
gluten and egg-shells. If we now raise up one of these excrescences, we 
shall find it hollow inside, and containing two dozen or more larvae, of a pale 
yellow colour, with the head and a corneous plate on the first segment black, 
and about half or two thirds of a line long. In these receptacles they in- 
crease somewhat in size: the bark of the tree beneath is moist and green; 
but whether, or how, they derive nourishment from it, 1am at a loss to 
say. About the time that the trees are coming into leaf, they make their 
escape; but they do not now commence spinning webs; they cannot yet eat 
the epidermis of the leaves, and they require some protection from the cold 
and rain, which their tender frames are not yet fitted to endure; to effect 
which they mine into the leaves, eating the parenchyma [cellular tissue] only, 
and leaving the epidermis untouched. 
“* Having acquired sufficient strength to withstand the vicissitudes of the 
atmosphere, and to devour the epidermis of the leaves, they make their way 
out; and the anxious gardener, who has hitherto only observed the brown- 
ness of the leaves, caused by the mining, but which is by him attributed 
to the withering blast of an easterly wind, is astounded when he perceives 
myriads of caterpillars swarming on the trees, and proceeding with alarming 
rapidity in their devastating course. The fact of their mining sufficiently 
