CHAP. LXI. CORNA‘CER. CO’RNUS. 1011 
Miil., iii. p.399.) This species is a native of Europe and the north of 
Africa, in hedges and thickets, especially on a chalk and limestone soil. It 
is plentiful in Britain, in like situations. _ It is also said Z; 
to grow in North America, near the lakes of Canada 
and near New York ; but has, probably, been introduced 
there. It grows to the height of from 4 ft. to 15 ft., 
according to soil and situation ; flowering in June, and 
ripening its dark purple fruit in August and September. 
It is one of the commonest shrubs in old shrubberies ; 
and is easily known from all the other kinds of Cornus 
by the abundance of its dark purple fruit, and the 
intensely dark red of its leaves before they drop off ‘ 
in autumn. It is from this last circumstance, we sup- 
pose, that the specific name of sanguinea has been 
given to it, though it is much more obviously applicable to C. alba, on ac- 
count of the redness of its shoots. C. purpurea would be a much better 
name as contrasted with C. alba, both names applying to the fruit. 
Varieties. 
& C. 5.2 Parshii Don's Mill., 3. p. 399.; C.sanguinea Pursh, Schaaidt Baum., 2. t. 66.; has the 
flowers with yellow anthers, and the berries a dark brown. It is a native of North 
America, near the lakes of Canada, and near New York; and only differs from the C. 
sanguinea of Europe in having the leaves pubescent, and in being of larger stature. It 
has not yet been introduced. 
& C. s. 3 foltis variegitis Lodd. Cat. has the leaves variegated with white and yellow, and oc- 
casional streaks of red. A plant, lately received into Messrs. Loddiges’s collection, 
named C.candidissima fol. var., appears, from the leaves, to be identical with this variety. 
C. candidissima, in the same collection, from its leaves, appears to be nothing more than 
C. sanguinea. 
Properties and Uses. The common British dogwood, being frequent in 
woods and old hedges, in almost every part of the island, and being also very 
common on the Continent, and especially in the northern parts of Europe, has 
long been applied to various useful purposes. The wood, which is hard, 
though not nearly so much so as that of Cornus mas, was formerly used for 
mill-cogs, and for various purposes in rustic carpentry; and it still makes 
excellent skewers for butchers, toothpicks, and similar articles. In the days 
when bows and arrows were used as muskets are now, arrows were formed of 
the young wood. In France, the young wood is formed into ramrods ; and in 
various parts of the Continent, particularly in Germany and Russia, it is bored 
and used as tubes to pipes. It makes excellent fuel, and the very best char- 
coal for gunpowder. The fruit, which, like the bark and leaves, is bitter and 
styptic, when treated like that of the olive, yields an oil, at the rate of 34 Ib. 
of oil to 100 1b. of fruit; which is used, in France, in the manufacture of 
soap, and for lamps. Miller states that, in his time, the berries were often 
brought to market, and sold for those of the buckthorn. The bark tastes 
like apples. 

#3. C.a’LBA L. The white-fruited Dogwood. 
Identification. Lin. Mant., p. 40. ; Don’s Mill., 3. p. 399.; Lodd. Cat., edit. 1836. 
Synonymes. C. stolonifera Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 109. ; C- 
tatarica Mill. Icon., t. 104., Amm. Ruth., t. 32. 
Engravings. Pall. Fl. Ross., i. t. 34.; Mill, Icon., t. 104; and our 
Jig. 762. 
Spec. Char., §c. Branches recurved. Branchlets 
glabrous. Leaves ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary 
beneath. Corymbs depressed. Branches of a 
fine red colour. Fruit white, or bluish white. . ., 
(Don’s Mill., iii. p.399.) It isa native of Siberia, 4° 
at the rivers Oby and Irtysch, among bushes, 
&e. ; of North America, from Virginia to Canada, 
onthe banks of rivers and lakes; and also of \ 
North California. A shrub, growing from 4 ft. to S 
10 ft. high, and flowering from May to July. It 
was introduced in 1741, and is common in shrub- 
beries, where it is interesting in summer from 
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