14 Shells as evidence of the Migrations. 
used as trumpets.” The importance of this fact cannot be 
overlooked when one considers the intimate relationship 
in Crete, and other places, between the use of shell-purple 
for dyeing and the employment of conch-shells for 
trumpets, A further point is worthy of mention here, and 
that is the discovery of a_ pearl-shell (Jeleagrina 
margarilifera), a native of Eastern Seas, on hut found- 
ations near Reggio Emilia, N. Italy... The coincidence 
of the occurrence of all three objects—shell-purple, conch- 
shell trumpets, and pearl-shell—in North Italy, is most 
remarkable, and seems to indicate definite contact with 
the advanced cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean. 
Regarding the geographical distribution of the purple 
industry further west, we find that Vitruvius makes allu- 
sion to the purple of Gaul,” while Strabo refers to that of 
southern Spain, (Turdetania, near Carteia),” and to the 
introduction of purple to the Balearic Islands by the 
Phoenicians.“ In these islands Purpura hemastoma is 
still used by the fishermen of Minorca to mark their 
linen; Murex trunculus is also known to them as yielding 
a fixed and permanent colour.” 
With regard to the purple of Spain, Duckworth, in his 
“ Cave Explorations at Gibraltar,”™ mentions the discovery 
of specimens of Purpura hemastoma with the apical 
portion fractured in a curious manner, and suggests, on 
°° Mosso, of. c#t., p. 363, quoting Morelli, ** Resti organici rinvenuti 
nella Caverna delle Arene Candide,” Genova, 1901, p. 111. 
*\ Mosso, of. ctt., p. 269, quoting Colini, Att della Societd romana 
d Antropologia, X., 1904. 
*? Vitruvius, vil., p. 13. 
*® Strabo, iii., 145.  Carteia lay east of Gades (Cadiz) and was a 
colony planted hy the Tyrians about B.c. 1130, ¢/ Rawlinson, ‘* History of 
Phoenicia,” 1889, p. 419. 
‘* Strabo, iii., 167, cf. Besnier, of. e#t., p. 775. 
** Lacaze-Duthiers, Proc. Roy. Soc., x., 1860, p. 583. 
** Journ. Koy. Anuthrop. Inst., xli., 1911, p. 363, and pl. xl, fig. 3. 
