48 Shells as evidence of the Migrations. 
An analogous idea is expressed in a beautiful Chiriquian 
gold casting of two human figures with elbows touching 
and holding to their mouths something that resembles a 
conch-shell or a fish.” 
Robert Brown relates that the descendants of the 
Incas, in Peru, under the rule of Francesco de Toledo, in 
1568, held periodical festivals in memory of their beloved 
sovereigns, when plays were enacted and mournful music 
produced from the national instruments, drums, trumpets, 
clarions, and pxu/atus, or sea shells.” 
According to von Martens,” the Jesuit priest Arriaga, 
at the beginning of the 17th century, also describes the 
use of shell-trumpets in Peru, and in the Bolivar collection 
of the Berlin Ethnographical Museum there is a_pre- 
Columbian trumpet made of S/rombus galeatus. 
The Portuguese writer, Suarez de Sousa, in 1589, and 
Marcgrave, about 1640, report on the use of trumpets in 
Brazil, made probably of Stromdus goliath.” 
In a paper on the ruins in Casa Grande, in Southern 
Arizona,” J.W. Fewkes states: “Among the more numerous 
marine shells which were found in Compound B of the 
Casa Grande group of ruins are many large conchs, the 
points of the spires of nearly all of which were ground off 
and perforated as if for trumpets. Judging from known 
ceremonies of the Hopi, it is highly probable that these 
trumpets were used in dramatic celebrations in which 
"effigies of the great serpent were introduced, the priest 
using the instruments to imitate the supposed roar of this 
animal. More than a dozen complete specimens, and 
many fragments of conch shells that may have been parts 
7© /iid. pp. 185, 209, and pl. xlix., fig. A. 
7? ** Races of Mankind,’ i., N.D., p. 316. 
** Von Martens, of. 74, p. 485. 
° [bid, p. 485. 
** 28th Ann. Kept. Bureau of Amer, Ethnology, 1912, pp. 144-5. - 
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