86 Shells as evidence of the Migrations. 
exist in old Hungarian jewelry. In Denmark no pearl 
fisheries now exist; but three centuries ago the gems 
were obtained in the Kolding Fjord, in Jutland. In 
Norway most of the rivers and streams, especially on the 
west and south-west coast, have been noted for pearls 
from the 17th century ; while in Sweden, pearl fisheries 
were noted, in 1562, by Olaus Magnus, Archbishop of 
Upsala. In Russia the pearl mussel is found in many 
streams ; it occurs throughout Archangel, in most of the 
rivers flowing into the White Sea, Lake Onega, and the 
Baltic Sea; it likewise occurs in the Volga Watershed. 
In the government of Archangel pearls have been col- 
lected for centuries from the streams flowing into the 
White Sea and Arctic Ocean. Middendorff gives us a 
detailed account of the Lapland pearl fisheries and relates 
that they have been carried on exclusively by the shore 
Laplanders ; but owing to the small returns, they have 
been neglected in recent times. The pearls obtained are 
somewhat dull in colour, which in the opinion of the 
fishermen is caused by the mysterious influence of the 
copper money which they carry with them. The Tuloma 
was formerly a productive river; its pearls were sold in 
Kola, and were sent from there to Archangel to be pierced. 
The Tjura also yielded many pearls; but since a Lap- 
lander was drowned while fishing for them, the idea has 
spread that the spirit of the river guards the pearls, and 
the natives hesitate about seeking them. In the grand 
duchy of Finland, in the province of Olonetz, and in the 
Baltic Provinces, pearls have been sought after for three 
centuries or more. The areas where pearl fishing is 
conducted in other parts of Russia—the Volga Watershed, 
the Don, the Dnieper, etc.—are indicated on the accom- 
panying map.” 
** The above information is mostly extracted from Von Lessling * Die 
Perlmuscheln und ihre Perlen,” Leipzig, 1859; also Kunz and Stevenson, 
op. ct. 
