128 Shells as evidence of the Migrations. 
be seen by the footnotes. Much further information, how- 
ever, not noted by Schneider, is embodied here, more 
especially with regard to the use of cowries in Ancient 
Egypt, Eastern Asia, North America, and many other 
places. 
Cowries appear to have been appreciated and used as 
amulets at a very early period in Egypt. Both Cyprea 
monela and Cyprea annulus—the forms so universally 
used for currency—have been discovered, along with other 
cowries, in Pre-dynastic burials, and both forms have been 
found repeatedly in later graves in Egypt and Nubia, 
According to Lortet and Gaillard,’ the following species 
of cowries have been found at Karnak: Cyprea vitellus, 
C. gris, C. pantherina, C. camelopardalis ( = melanostoma ), 
C. arabica, and var. histrio, C.ervthreensts, C. caput-serpentts, 
C. moneta and C. annulus—all species which occur to-day 
in the Red Sea. The larger forms are perforated near 
one end as if for use as pendants. The examples of 
C. moneta and C. annulus are of peculiar interest from the 
fact that they have been rubbed down on the back or 
convex side—a custom which is still in vogue among the 
East African people to-day. Of further interest is the 
figure given by the same authors of a reproduction in 
diorite of a Crprea moneta, This object, which is per- 
forated for suspension, was found in the necropolis of 
Rizakat, near Gébélén, Upper Egypt. In a tomb (D 114) 
at Abydos, of xviiith dynasty date, large numbers of 
Cyprea annulus were discovered, all of them having been 
rubbed down on the back, as at Karnak.” The same 
Lortet & Gaillard, **La Faune Momifiée de l'ancienne Egypte: 
Mollusques,” Arch. Alus. @Hist. Nat. de Lyon, vol. 10, Lyon, 1909, pp. 
108-111; see also List of Species, pp. 310-301. 
* TLE. Peet & W. L. S. Loat, ** The Cemeteries of Abydos,” pt, IIL 
1912-1913, 35th Mem. Egypt. Explor. Fund, 1913, p. 30, pl. xii., figs, 6&9. 
(The Series is now in the Manchester Museum), 
