Use of Cowry-shells for Currency, Amutlets, etc. 129 
species, C. anzulus is also recorded from Koptos® and 
Nagadeh, probably of pre- or proto-dynastic date ;" it is 
also associated with other objects, such as papyrus charm 
pendants, uzat eyes, etc., strung on knotted cords found 
at Kafr Ammar (xxiii—xxvth dynasty)." Reisner in 
“The Archaeological Survey of Nubia (1907-8)”™ gives a 
figure of a small cowry, rubbed down on the back, which 
is probably C. aznulus ; it is recorded as occurring in the 
C-group, New Empire, and later graves. Cypre@a moneta 
occurs in the list of shells found in graves at El Amrah 
(Pre-dynastic)." Other species of cowries discovered in 
Egyptian graves are as follows: Cypre@a caurica? “ Pan- 
Graves” at Balabish;* C. arabica, Koptos; C. carneola, 
Ballas ; C. evosa, Ballas ; C. caurzca, Ballas? ; C. pantherina, 
Nagadeh ;” C. arabica var reticulata Toukh, Upper Egypt.” 
These discoveries of cowries in Ancient Egyptian 
graves are of great interest as being the earliest evidence 
of a special appreciation of these shells. That they were 
worn as amulets by the Egyptians cannot be doubted 
from the fact that so many are perforated for suspension. 
The discovery of so many specimens of the smaller 
® Flinders Petrie, ‘‘Six Temples at Thebes, 1896,” London, 1897, 
chap. x.,p. 30. 
10 Jdem. ‘* Amulets,” 1914, p. 27, pl. xiv., f. 107b. 
UL b7d) ps 29s pla XVile tD3Eb, 13lcs > ple xvill., f L3ne, LZTt. > ply xix., 
f. 131g. 
12 Vol. i., Archzol. Rept., Cairo, 1910, pl. 66, f..7 and pl. 70, f. 1. 
The C-group belongs to a period corresponding to the Middle Kingdom in 
Egypt. 
18 JT), Randall-Maciver & A. C. Mace, ‘‘ El Amrah and Abydos 1899- 
1901,” London, 1902, p. 49. 
14 G. A. Wainwright, ‘‘ The Excavations at Balabish,” /ourz. of Egypt. 
Archeol., ii., Oct., 1915, pl. xxv., f. 2 (named from photograph). ‘‘ Pan- 
Graves” are Nubian interments in Egypt and may belong to the period from 
2000 B.C. onwards. 
15 These five recorded by Flinders Petrie (fide Lortet & Gaillard, of. 
ctt., pp. 310-311). 
16 De Morgan (fae Lortet & Gaillard, of. cé¢., p. 310). 
