Use of Cowry-shells for Currency, Amulets, etc. 131 
mens of the ring-cowry (C. azuulus) were found by Dr. 
Layard in the ruins of Nimroud, and others of this form, 
vubbed down on the back, were met with in graves at 
Shusha, in Transcaucasia, associated with numerous car- 
nelian beads, perforated animals’ teeth, stone implements, 
and bronze and iron objects.” 
Another find of special interest was made by Dr. 
Truhelka at the pile-dwelling of Donja Dolina, on the 
bank of the Save (Bosnia). Here urn-burials were met 
with in under-ground vaults which contained the in- 
cinerated remains of bodies and a wealth of grave-goods. 
From the valuable nature of the latter it would appear 
that the cremated persons were of great social distinction. 
The objects comprised fibula, beads of glass, amber, and 
enamel, and other articles characteristic of the late 
Hallstatt period. One of the chief objects of interest 
was “one urn, which contained a necklet composed of 
several hundreds of beads of amber, enamel, coloured 
glass, seven cowrie shells, two perforated teeth, and a 
large bead of clay without any ornamentation.” ~ 
Dr. Schneider (of. czz., p. 115), quotes many interesting 
discoveries of cowries in ancient graves, chiefly in the 
neighbourhood of Danzig—the great amber-producing 
region. According to this authority they were found at 
Marienhausen, in the government of Witebsk, where in 
1879, some 50 specimens occurred in a grave, doubtless 
belonging to Slavonic times; also in old pagan Lithuanian 
graves, at Riigenwalde in Pomerania, in the urn of a 
“ giant’s-grave” at Stolpe, on the well-known Pomerellen 
21 S, P, Woodward, ‘* Manual of the Mollusca,” Reprint of 4th Ed., 
London, 1890, p. 233. 
22 Verhanal. der Berliner Gess. f. Anthrop., 1892, pp. 566-8; 1894, 
p. 216. 
23 R. Munro, “Paleolithic Man and Terramara Settlements in 
Europe,” Edinburgh, 1912, p. 473. 
