142 Shells as evidence of the Migrations. 
helmet enclosing the head and hanging down the back of 
the neck” (see also Ratzel, of. c#t., i., p. 101). Among the 
Latukas and their kinsfolk heavy wicker helmets, with 
crests recalling Greek forms, are used; these are orna- 
mented with a ring of cowries all round (Ratzel, iii. 
p. 30, and p. 41, fig. 7). Among the Djibba tribe of the 
Sobat country, one of the Nile tributaries, cowszes appear 
to be assoctated with head-hunting, as among the Nagas of 
Assam (infra, p. 172). Like these latter people, the Dyibba 
warriors wear the hatr taken from the decapitated heads of 
slain enemies, in addition to wearing goat-skin dresses, 
ivory armlets and belts of cowrtes.” By the Jurs, beads and 
cowry-shells are considered as essential at betrothals.” 
In East Africa rubbed-down cowries™ are used largely 
by the Akikuyu, Kavirondo, Akamba and Masai peoples. 
Kavirondo men are noted for their peculiar and elaborate 
head-dresses made of these shells. Among the Akamba, 
Masai and other tribes, cowries appear to be associated 
with unmarried girls (as among the Chettis of Southern 
India, zzfra p. 170). The young unmarried girls of the 
Akamba tribe wear belts and aprons adorned with beads 
and cowries ; but these ornaments are discarded after the 
birth of the first child. The Masai women also wear a 
peculiar head-band covered with cowries during the 
period of “engagement.” The Lumbwa girls’ aprons, too, 
are similarly adorned, doubtless with the same sig- 
nificance.” Ridgeway, in his paper on “ The Origin of 
*! Brown, ‘‘ Races of Mankind,” iii., p. 16. 
®? Schneider, of. c#t., p. 173- 
** On the East side of Africa, the ring-cowry (C. annuus) appears to 
be the form universally used. 
** © Women of all Nations,” pp. 266 and 268. 
** Specimens in the Manchester Museum ; see also Journ, Anthrop. 
/nst., Vol. 33 (1903), pl. xxix., for illustration of a Lumbwa girl wearing one 
of these cowry-ornamented aprons. 
