52 Shells as evidence of the Migrations. 
Muniyo, and Kuka in Bornu. In the Haussa States, 
Clapperton, in 1826, found the shells in general use as 
money, and his companion, Richard Lander, mentions 
cowry-currency in Kano, Womba, Catup, Kazigee and 
Ragada in S.W. Haussa district. Rohlfs, on his 1867 
journey from Kuka through Gujeba and the southern 
Sokoto beyond Yakoba to the Benue, and down this river 
to its junction with the Niger, and then up to the Kabba, 
finally passing through Llorin and Yoruba to the coast at 
Lagos, moved throughout in the region of the cowry- 
currency. In the district of the Marghi, cowries did not 
circulate as money in Barth’s time, yet he managed to 
obtain two fowls with them, owing to the fact that the 
shells were desired as ornament by the “ young ladies.” 
In the 17th and 18th centuries cowries were used 
very largely by the slave-traders of the Guinea coast from 
Senegal southwards; but in later times, English gold 
and the American dollar, together with other articles of 
exchange, displaced the shells to a very great extent. 
Where not actually in use as money, they still continue 
to be employed for ornamental and other purposes, 
The territory of cowry-ornament in Western Africa is 
of much wider extent than that of the cowry-currency. 
In Morocco, for example, Lenz saw cowries as ornament 
on the daughter of a chieftain. Such ornament is also 
said to be used by the Tuarag of the southern Sahara, 
and, according to Nachtigal, by the women in Tibesti. 
The Joloff women string them on_ their hip-girdle, 
Clapperton saw cowries frequently on the fringes of the 
goat- and sheep-skins wound round the hips of the 
women of “ Kufu,” and at Wazo he saw them on the 
collars of greyhounds. According to Staudinger the 
Fulbes had their numerous hair-plaits frequently decorated 
with cowries. In Loko, Gurich, in 1885, found children 
