Appendix. 197 
is not stated whether they were perforated for use as 
trumpets. 
In G. A. Wainwright’s account of “ The Excavations 
at Balabish,”* a number of objects are figured from ‘“ Pan- 
Graves,” amongst them the 77z¢ov-shell, apparently not 
perforated, together with S7roméus and other Red Sea 
forms. 
These facts seem to suggest that in Egypt these shells 
must have served some definite cultural purpose, such as 
has been described (p 33) in the ceremonies observed in 
Crete and elsewhere in the Mediterranean, 
Amongst a number of pamphlets entitled “ Colonies 
Francaises,” published by Ludovic Baschet, Paris, without 
date, there is an article by Max Leclerc on Madagascar, 
in which is given a coloured illustration of a Z7zton-shell 
trumpet, but whether it is “end-blown” or “side-blown” is 
not certain. The picture suggests the former. According 
to Ratzel,‘ the musical! instruments of the Malagasies “are 
eminently Malayan in character. The Aztszva or shell- 
trumpet of the Malays and Polynesians is regarded as 
very important. A great sea-shell, with a hoarse note, 
which only kings may legally use, serves to call the 
soldiers to arms.” 
Rumphius, writing in the early part of the 18th century, 
refers to the employment of 77zfon-shells, with a hole on 
the side of the spire, as trumpets by the Alfurs of Ceram. 
He also noted the use of great numbers of the white “ egg- 
shell ”—Ovulum ovum—as ornaments for the neck and 
hair, by the same people.’ 
In addition to the reference already given on p. 51 of 
the use of shell-trumpets in the Babar Islands in calling 
down the sun-god to accept offerings, Mr. W. J. Perry has 
very kindly sent me a communication from Dr. A. C. 
Kruijt, of Posso, Central Celebes, stating that 7zton-shell 
trumpets are much used in almost every village of Central 
and North Celebes. They were formerly kept in the 
temple (/o0) together with strings of other shells. They 
8 Journ. of Egyptian Archeology, Vol. II., Oct. 1915, pp. 202 et seq., 
pl. XXV., f. 2. ‘* Pan-Graves” are Nubian interments in Egypt and 
may belong to the period from 2000 B.c. onwards. 
* Ratzel, ‘‘ Hist. of Mankind,” vol. i., 1896, p. 457. 
* G. E. Rumphius. ‘‘ D’Amboinsche Rariteitkamer,” Amsterdam, 1741, 
Pp- 94 amd 115. 
