198 Appendix. 
are taken on warlike expeditions and blown when an 
enemy has been killed. Sometimes bamboo trumpets 
are used. Some Toradjas say that bamboo is employed 
only when shells are not available. Shell-trumpets are 
also blown to warn the village of the approach of an 
enemy, and at eclipses of the sun and moon, when the 
temple drum is sounded ; also when the bush is set on fire 
to clear it for agriculture. The employment of shell- 
trumpets at eclipses recalls their identical use in Bengal 
(p. 36). 
Van der Sande; describes and figures two types of 
shell-trumpets in use in Dutch New Guinea. One of 
these is made from the 7yz/on-shell, and is provided with 
a circular blow hole on the second whorl of the spire, 
outside the third varix ; the other is made from the wing- 
shell, Strombus maxtmus, and has the blow-hole at the 
apex of the spire, as observed by Moseley at Humboldt 
Bay (see p. 40). Both forms, according to Van der Sande, 
were offered to him inside a temple, “but had not to be 
concealed from the women. In fact they are also used 
outside, as also reported from elsewhere, as instruments 
of call, producing a very loud sound when blown. In 
British New Guinea [Fly River] they are used also to 
drive away evil spirits.” ’ 
In his “ Note on the Use of the Wooden Trumpet of 
Papua,”* W. N, Beaver gives some interesting references 
to shell-trumpets. “ Naturally,” so he says, “the coast 
tribes use the ordinary conch shell as a trumpet, and the 
people of the hinterlands obtain their shell instruments 
from them in the way of trade; but the ‘further one 
penetrates inland, the more difficult it becomes to obtain 
shells.” 
He reports the use of the conch, together with the 
wooden trumpet, “among the Sangara on the northern 
side of Mount Lamington, among the Huhurundi living 
inland from Holnicote Bay, and among the Howajega, 
Asingi, and Yohani, all bordering about the main 
Kumusi River.” In the trans-Kumusi region, towards 
* Van der Sande, ‘‘ Nova Guinea,” ILL, Leyden, 1997, pp. 307—8, 
314, pl. xxix, f. 22 and 24. 
* Jbid., see also Chapter IL, p. 41, and Chalmers, in Journ, Anthrop. 
Inst,, vol. 33- 
* Man, Article 16, Feb., 1916. 
