204 Appendix. 
have the tip of the spire of the shell knocked off. In New 
Guinea and in Melanesia “end-blown” trumpets are in 
use, as well as others of the “side-blown” type, ze, with 
the blow-hole on the side of one of the upper whorls of 
the shell. The apex in the latter is left perfect. It would 
appear, therefore, that the Peruvian example is a combi- 
nation of the two types. 
The reproduction of the shell form in clay is another 
interesting point linking Peru with the Mediterranean 
region. As mentioned on an earlier page (p. 34), clay 
models of the 7yzton-shell were found in 1903 in the 
excavations at Knossos, in Crete. Mosso also records 
the discovery in Minoan sites of reproductions of shells 
in alabaster and other materials. 
According to Mead, the trumpet is frequently men- 
tioned in the earlier accounts of Peru, such as those of 
Garcilasso and Alonso de Ovalle, in connection with 
battles between opposing armies. Prescott also states 
that at the siege of Cuzco (1536) “the Spaniards were 
roused by the hideous clamour of conch, trumpet, and 
atabal, mingled with fierce war-cries of the barbarians.” ™ 
This association of the conch-shell trumpet with war 
was also met with in the lands bordering the north-eastern 
part of the Gulf of Mexico, for on the appearance of 
De Soto’s soldiers in 1539 the Indians of Florida and the 
Chickasaw country were roused to action by the blowing 
of horns and conch-shells, and the beating of drums.” 
The custom of placing pearls and other objects in the 
mouth of the dead in China, described in an earlier chapter, 
is also found in Korea. In his article on “ Mourning and 
Burial Rites of Korea,” E. B. Landis* gives a list of 
articles used at encoffining the corpse, which includes, 
amongst others; rice; pieces of //a/iotzs shell; three 
pearls, etc. A little rice is first placed in the mouth of 
the dead, then a pearl, in the left, the centre, and the 
right side of the mouth. 
Dr. Elliot Smith informs me that in the course of 
** Mosso, ** The Dawn of Mediterranean Civilization,” 1910, p. 364. 
** W.H. Prescott, ** History of the Conquest of Peru,” vol. IL, 1855, 
Pp. 32. 
4# Grace King, **De Soto and His Men in the Land of Florida,” 
London, 1914, pp. 39 and 187. 
** Journ, Anthrop. Inst., vol. 25, pp. 346-7- 
