214 
currency, 95, I15; 178; supposed 
P mapemeegean of, 95; associated with 
ragon-protectors, 102-104; in North 
American mounds, I12-117; as 
“eggs” of shell-fish, 121. 
Pearls. Use of: America, North, 112- 
117; America, Central, 117-118, 120; 
Assyria, 78; Astrakhan, 80; Baby- 
lonia, 78-79; British Isles, 83-84; 
Ceylon, 93; China, 95-106; Crimea, 
80; Cyprus, 79; Ecuador, 121; 
Egypt, 75-76; Europe, 85-86; Greece, 
79-80; India, 87-89; Italy, 81-83; 
Japan, 106; Korea, 204; Malay 
Archipelago, 94-95; Mexico, 118- 
120; Pacific Islands, 109; Palestine, 
82; Persia, 78; Peru, 121; Siberia, 
109; Syria, 79; Venezuela, 120. 
Pearl-Fisheries. Africa, East, 76-77; 
Alaska, 122; America, North, 112- 
117; British Isles, 83-85; Cali- 
fornia, 118; Ceylon, 93; China, 96- 
99: Ecuador, 121; Europe, 85-86; 
India, 88-92; Japan, 106-107; Kamt- 
chatka, 108; Manchuria, 107-108; 
Malay Archipelago, 94-95; Mauri- 
tania, 76; Mediterranean, 83; Mergui 
Archipelago, 94: Mexico, 118; 
Pacific Islands, 109-112; Panama, 
120; Persian Gulf, 77-78; Red Sea, 
73; Siam, 99-100; Siberia, 109; 
Venezuela, 120. 
Pearl-shells. Medicinal use of, 70, 91. 
101; in graves, 74, 77, 84, 110, 122; 
commerce in, 74-75, 88-89, 93-95. 
98-99; as breast ornaments, 74-75, 
111-113, 118-120; receptacles for 
paint, 76; in making pottery, 84; 
calcined for making lime, 84, 91; 
superstitious reverence of, 87, 92, 
109-112; as fish-hooks, 109-110, 201; 
as temple offerings, 110-111; as eyes 
for idols, 111, 119; as eyes for 
mummies, I11, 203. 
Pearl-shells, Use of: Alaska, 122; 
America, North, 117; British Isles, 
83-84; California, 122; China, 98- 
99, 101; Ecuador, 121; Egypt, 73- 
75; India, 87; Italy, 14, 82; Malay 
Archipelago, 94-95; Mexico, 119-120; 
Nubia, 74: Pacific Islands, 109-112, 
201-203; Palestine, 82; Peru, 121; 
Rhodesia, 77, 84; Siam, 100. 
Pearl-shell fish-hooks. As currency, 110; 
used for transmitting messages, 110. 
Phoenicians. Purple trade by, 3, 5, 
10-12, 14, 93; discovery of purple 
dye attributed to, 9, 195; purple 
Index—continued. 
dye manufactured by, 6-7, 10-13, 17; 
pearl-fisheries inaugurated by, 72-73, 
76, 84-85, 99; pearl trade by, 79, 
82, 97-99; known to Chinese as 
Hormuzian or Hwang-tchi (yellow- 
fingered) sea-traders, 99; skilled in 
drilling pearls, 106; goddess of, with 
conch-shell, 196. 
Placuna-shells. Fisheries of, 89, 93, 
95, 107; pearls found in, 89, 93. 
95, 107. a 
Pregnancy. See Cowries; also Snail- 
shells. 
Pieroceras-shells, as  cult-objects in 
Egypt, 207; associated with phallic 
ged Min, 207; as trumpets in India, 
38. 
Purple Dye. Chief centres of production: 
America, Central, 20-24; America, 
South, 21, 25-27; British Isles, 15- 
17; Mediterranean, 10-15; Mexico, 
23-26. 
Purple Dye. References in Classics to, 
3+ 4» 7, 10-15, 81, 195; trade in, by 
the Phoenicians, 3, 5, 10-17; process 
of dyeing, 3, 6, 21-25; methods of 
extraction, 3, 21-25; photogenetic 
property of, 4, 5, 23; references in 
Scriptures to, 7, 11; as paint, 8, 18, 
19, 25, 26; as rouge, 8, 26; probable 
first discovery in Crete, 9; associated 
with megalithic culture, 14, 27-28. 
Purple Dye. Molluscs whence derived; 
Buccinum, 4-7, 196; Murex trun- 
culus 5, 6, 9, 14; Murex branderis, 
5, 6, 12, 13; Purpura lapillus, 4, 
5, 6, 15, 16, 196; Purpura hemas- 
toma, 5, 13, 14, 20, 134; Purpuro 
patula, 20-21. 
Purple Dye. Use of: America, Central, 
20-24; America, South, 21, 25-27; 
Babylonia, 7; British Isles, 4. 5, 
15-18; China, 19; Egypt, 7, 9 11: 
France, 14, 18; Japan, 19, 20; 
Malaysia, 19; Mediterranean, 3, 7, 
8, 14, 20, 81, 134, 195; Mexico, 23- 
26; Norway, 18. 
Purple robes, 7, 18, 24-26, 87. 93, 97, 
195. 
Purple-shell, On Tyrian coins, 5, 195; 
found in caves, 13, 14, 82. See 
also Purple dye. 
Purple-shell fisheries. See Purple dye, 
ventres of production. 
Pur pura-shells, purple dye obtained 
from, 4-6, 13-16, 20-21, 134, 196. 
