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7 
a i ca eS ll el ee 
THE VOLATIIE PART OF PLAN'S, 93 
According to Hoppe-Seyler, (Med. Chem. Uniers., I,) the phosphorized 
principle of oil of maize, and of the brain, nerves, yolk of eggs, etc., is 
primarily the substance discovered in 1864 by Liebreich, in the bratz 
and termed Protageon. It is a white crystallized body, having the 
following composition: 
Carbon, 67.2 
Hydrogen, 11.6 
Nitrogen, 2.7 
Phosphorus, 1.5 
Oxygen, 17.0 
100.0 
Its formula is Cy16, Hos, Nu, P, Ooo. When heated to the boiling point 
it is decomposed, and yields among other products glycerin, phosphor- 
ic acid, and stearic acid. (Ann. Ch. Ph., 134, p. 30). 
Saponification.—The fats are characterized by forming 
soaps when heated with strong potash or soda-lye. They 
are by this means decomposed, and give rise to fatty 
acids, which remain combined with the alkalies, and to 
glycerin, a kind of liquid sugar. 
Exp. 41.—Heat a bit of tallow with strong solution of caustic potash 
until it completely disappears, and a soap, soluble 1n water, is obtained. 
To one-half the hot solntion of soap, add chlorhydrie acid until the 
latter predominates. An oil will separate which gathers at the top of 
the liquid, and on cooling, solidifies toacake. This is not, however, 
the original fat. It has a different melting point, and a different chemi- 
eal composition. It is composed of one or several fatty acids, eorre- 
sponding to the elementary fats from which it was produced. 
When saponified by the action of potash, stearm yields 
stearic acid, C,, H,,O,; palmitin yields palmitic acid, 
C,, H,, O,; and olein gives oleic acid, C,, U,,O, The 
so-called stearin candles are a mixture of stearic and 
palmitic acids. The glycerin, C, H, O,, that is simulta- 
neously produced, remains dissolved in the liquid. Glyce 
rin is now found in commerce in a nearly pure state, as a 
eolorle:s, syrupy liquid, having a pleasant sweet taste. 
The chemical act of saponification consists in the re-arrangement 
of the elements of one molecule of fat and three molecules of water in 
to three molecules of fatty acid, and one molecule of ¢ ycerin. 
Palmitin Water. Palmitic aed. Glyceran. 
ea Hy, Oz + 3 (Hy O) —_ 3 (Cie Hap Oz) + G; Hg Os 
