HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FLOWER POLLINATION 13 
arrangements, so far as he had recognized them in the flora of Sweden. This 
work is noteworthy, especially because the attempt is made ‘to arrange all the 
floral adaptations of Phanerogams in a series, according to their natural develop- 
ment from the less perfect to the more perfect.’ 
It is remarkable that Axell doubts the occurrence of protogyny in insect- 
pollinated flowers, holding that in these only protandrous dichogamy is possible '. 
On account of this belief, which is contrary to the facts, Axell does not give 
to protogyny a position of equal importance to protandry, and he is led to 
doubt the correctness of numerous observations that are opposed to his views. 
Axell introduces the term ‘chasmogamy’ as the contrary to cleistogamy; and 
by ‘herkogamy’ he understands a floral arrangement of such a nature that self- 
pollination—‘ homocliny’ in contrast to ‘heterocliny’—is impossible on account of 
4 the relative positions of stigmas and anthers. é 
At the close of the first part of his work, Axell gives the following summary 
(according to Loew’s ‘Einfiihrung,’ p. 152) :— 
Phanerogamous Flowers. 
Heteroclinous Pollination. Homoclinous Pollination. 
A. Hermaphrodite Flowers . 
mopretors |. 4... CIsistOpaMOUs. ss. vad WK cist Wels om dyin. in even)! MOCESBARY, 
II. Chasmogamous 
6 (a) Homostylous . 8 
> 3.8 (a) Mature ees sur- always Sore 
ao a Sea. ia 
a ag rounded by ei of : occurring | 2 8 o Lal We 
cs) ES ~~ oe Z ° a 
ie 2 ate same flower 8.2 3 oh ees 
a) 2 gy (8) Mature stigmas not o> g 2 c 
2B a 3 not always | & > o Dp 
° m 8 surrounded by pollen = A h 
a oO ef occurring 5 2 4 
8 of same flower . 3 - 
favoured (b) Heterostylous . . . . hindered 
tal 1 < 
E (oH Ble Stoo Nr A ee eR fs en OO che 
+ oO 
g (d) Herkogamous g 4 
Psd eperenigl AP GIENS 2. fy irre ok doh, "slo, lav Nee ts eW a idee k impossible 
vt Axell distinguishes the following oecological groups (Loew, op. cit., p. 152) :— 
A. Flowers which are pollinated with the help of an external agent. (Chasmo- 
gamous flowers.) 
I. Wind-pollinated. (Anemophilous.) 
II. Insect-pollinated. (£xtomophilous.) 
1 Axell starts from the quite unfounded supposition that the corolla generally fades and secretion 
of nectar ceases as soon as pollen gets on to the stigma, and passes to the equally erroneous 
conclusion that in’ insect-pollinated flowers only protandrous dichogamy is possible. (Hermann 
Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ Eng. Ed., p. 20, note.) 
