26 INTRODUCTION 
Schleswig-Holstein (including the one self-contained territory, the Principality of 
Liibeck), and in Mecklenburg, besides isolated observations in Pomerania, Westphalia, 
Nassau, and Switzerland. 
Willis and Burkill in Great Britain have gained credit by investigations on 
the floral oecology of fairly small districts (south and east coasts of Scotland, 
neighbourhood of Cambridge, and Mid-Wales); Scott-Elliot has done the same in 
Dumfries-shire, and Gibson in St. Kilda, which is very nearly the most remote 
island off the west coast of Scotland. 
The floral arrangements of Arctic plants have been studied by Warming 
(Dovrefjeld, Greenland), Lindman (Dovrefjeld), Aurivillius, Holm and Ekstam (Nova 
Zemilia). 
In North America Charles Robertson studies with untiring zeal the relations 
between flowers and insects in the neighbourhood of his home at Carlinville (IIl.). 
Alfred R. Wallace has investigated the oecological relations between flowers and 
insects in a number of Pacific Islands (Fiji Is., Hayti, Juan Fernandez, New 
Zealand, Galapagos Is.). George M. Thompson has for several years worked very 
thoroughly the flower pollination of New Zealand, where he has also observed the 
pollination of flowers by birds. Thomas Belt noted this in Nicaragua, Fritz 
Miller in South Brazil, Hollingsworth in North America, Forbes in Sumatra, 
Scott-Elliot in South Africa, and Ferdinand v. Miller in Australia. The pollination 
of flowers by bats was observed by Burck in Java. 
From among the numerous investigators who have been active in this field, of 
late years or quite recently, I may mention here, in addition to those already 
referred to, the following :— 
1. Alps of Mid-Europe: v. Dalla Torre, Hoffer, and Kerner (Tyrol); A. Schulz 
(neighbourhood of Bozen); MacLeod (Maritime Alps); Calloni, Chodat, 
Christ, Frey, Frey-Gessner, Kirchner, Loew, Schréter (Switzerland); Hoffer 
(Steiermark). 
2. Austria-Hungary (excluding 1): Bérbas, Burgerstein, Freyn, Gelmi, Hackel, 
Hansgirg, Kerner, Kronfeld, Rathay, Schilberszky, Velenovsky, v. Wettstein, 
Wiesner, Willkomm. 
3. South and Mid-Germany: Correns, Haussknecht, Kraus, Loew, Ludwig, Schenck, 
A. Schulz, Thomas. 
. North Germany: Alfken, Ascherson, Buchenau, Engler, Focke, Kéhne, Loew, 
Magnus, Potonié, Ule, Urban, Warnstorf. 
. Denmark: Kjzrskou, Lund, Raunkjzer, Warming. 
. Scandinavia: Almgvist, Forsberg, Lagerheim, Lindman, Ljungstrém, Wittrock. 
. Russia: Batalin, Beketow, Borodin, Maximowicz. 
. Holland and Belgium: Giltay, Heinsius, de Vries, Vuyck. 
. British Isles: Archer-Briggs, Belt, A. W. Bennett, G. Bentham, Boulger, J. Britten, 
Burton, Christy, Cockerell, Comber, Dickie, Douglas, Duncan, Dyer, Evans, 
Farrer, Forbes, Fulton, Green, Hart, Henslow, J. D. Hooker, Keeble, 
Kitchener, John Lubbock, Marshall, Moggridge, S. Moore, Myers, Ogle, 
Powell, Ridley, W. S. Smith, Wetterhan, C. F. White, Whitelegge, Williams, 
Wilson, and others, 
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