HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FLOWER POLLINATION 27 
ro. France: Baillon,G. Bonnier, Clavaud, Crié, Duval-Jouve, Giard, Godron, Guignard, 
Magnin, Maury, Roze. 
11. Switzerland: Dodel-Port. 
12. Italy: Arcangeli, Baroni, Beccari, Bonis, Buscalioni, Cobelli, Comes, Gibelli, 
Macchiati, Martelli, Mattei, Mori, Nicotra, Ottavi, Pasquale, Pedicino, 
Pirotta, Ricasoli, Ricca, Savastano. 
13. North America: Bailey, Barnes, Beach, W. J. Beal, Bessey, Bush, Courtis, 
Ellacombe, G. Engelmann, Foerste, Gentry, Greene, Halsted, Leggett, 
Martindale, Meehan, Pammel, Patton, Potts, Pringle, Redfield, C. V. Riley, 
Rusby, J. C. Russell, Schneck, C. J. Sprague, Todd, F. Ward, Webber, 
C. Wright, and others. 
14. Tropical Regions: Balfour, Barber, Boissier, Evans, Faivre, Fitzgerald, Forbes, 
Gibbons, Greenleaf, Hartog, Haviland, Heckel, Hieronymus, Hunt, Irwin, 
Kellermann, Lynch, Moore, Murray, Nicholson, Parish, Rusby, W. G. Smith, 
Syme, Troop, E. Ule, F. Ward, Mansel Weale, Wright, and others. 
Before I close this short survey of the historical development of flower pollination, 
I should like to mention a few other works in which the results of investigations 
on flower pollination are brought together. 
That magnificent compilation, ‘Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien’ (the early 
volumes of which were produced by Engler and Prantl together, but since the death 
of the latter (1893) has been edited by Engler alone), uniformly gives information 
as to the most important arrangements for pollination, in addition to the characters 
of the families. é 
The second volume of Anton Kerner von Marilaun’s ‘ Natural History of Plants’ 
(Eng. Ed. 1, London and Glasgow, 1895) is an instance of the combination of 
scientific with popular presentation. The most important results of flower pollina- 
tion are treated in the following chapters:—Protection of Pollen; Dispersion of 
Pollen by the Wind and by Animals; Allurements of Animals; The Colours of 
Flowers as a means of attracting Animals; The opening of the Passage to the 
Interior of the Flower; Reception of Flower-seeking Animals at the Entrance to 
the Flower; Taking up of Pollen by Insects; Deposition of Pollen; Crossing of 
Flowers; and Autogamy. The comprehension of the subject is made easy even 
for the lay mind by excellent illustrations. As a result of the above division, it is, 
however, necessarily troublesome to get information on all the floral arrangements 
of particular plants. 
The ‘Lehrbuch der Biologie der Pflanzen’ by F. eee (Stuttgart, 1895) 
brings together in its fourth division what is most important in flower pollination: 
Hydrophily, Anemophily, Zoidiophily, as well as examples of floral adaptations 
to the agents that effect fertilization. 
The work already mentioned, ‘Bliitenbiologische Floristik des mittleren und 
nérdlichen Europas sowie Grénlands,’ by E. Loew (Stuttgart, 1894), as stated in 
the preface, summarizes in the briefest possible way all the researches in flower 
pollination published between 1884 and 1894. It forms a supplement to the 
pioneer works of Hermann Miiller, ‘Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insekten ’ 
and ‘Alpenblumen,’ and therefore the descriptions of arrangements for pollination 
contained in Miiller’s books are not repeated, but are completed by newer 
