30 INTRODUCTION 
a, The flowers all remain permanently closed: archo-cletstogamy (Knuth). 
8. Besides cleistogamous flowers there occur others that are chasmoga- 
mous: chasmo-cletstogamy (Delpino). 
y. The flowers remain closed only under certain circumstances: pseudo- 
cleistogamy (Hansgirg). This may occur. 
(a) In consequence of deficiency of light: phofo-cleistogamy. 
(8) In consequence of a high water-level: Aydro-cleistogamy. 
(y) In consequence of insufficient warmth: shermo-cletstogamy. 
8. The flowers open a little: hemz-cletstogamy (Knuth). 
(a) The stamens project: chasmanthery’. 
(8) The stamens remain enclosed: clerstanthery’. 
C. IN THE SAME SPECIES MONOCLINOUS AND DICLINOUS FLOWERS occuR: Polygamy 
(Linnaeus). 
1. All the floral forms occur on the same plant. 
a. Hermaphrodite and male flowers occur: Andro-monoecism (Darwin). 
4. Hermaphrodite and female flowers occur: Gyno-monoecism (Darwin). 
c. Hermaphrodite, male, and female flowers occur: Coeno-monoecism 
(Kirchner), 
2. Monoclinous and diclinous flowers appear on different plants, 
a. Hermaphrodite and male plants occur: Androdioecism (Darwin). 
4, Hermaphrodite and female plants occur: Gynodioecism (Darwin). 
c. Hermaphrodite, male, and female plants occur: Trioecism or trioecious 
polygamy (Darwin). 
By the researches of F. Ludwig, O. Kirchner, A. Schulz, and E. Warming, 
besides the already mentioned modes of distribution of the sexes numerous others 
have been made known. In particular, it appears from the observations of these 
investigators that many plants may be simultaneously andromonoecious and andro- 
dioecious, or gynomonoecious and gynodioecious, or at’ the same time andromonoecious, 
androdioecious, gynomonoecious, and gynodioecious. For such cases Loew 
(Humboldt, viii, pp. 197 et seq.) has proposed the term Pleogamy. 
We are especially indebted for important researches on this subject to Aug. 
Schulz, who has published them in his ‘Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Bestaubungs- 
einrichtungen und Geschlechtsverteilung bei den Pflanzen,’ I and II (Bibliotheca 
botanica, Nos. ro and 17). The most important of the instances recorded by 
Schulz are summarized by Loew (‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ pp. 377-81) as follows :— 
Group 1.—In many stocks that are fundamentally hermaphrodite, the stamens of 
all the hermaphrodite flowers degenerate; on others, this is the case only in certain 
flowers. The individuals are therefore of three kinds: Hermaphrodite, female, 
1 The terms cleistanthery and chasmanthery, having already been used in another sense, must 
retain this by right of priority. Ascherson (Ber. D: bot. Ges., x, 1892) applies the term chasmantherous 
to those cleistogamous flowers in which the anthers dehisce, shedding their pollen-grains on to the 
stigma, where they germinate (e.g. in Vicia angustifolia); the term cleistantherous, on the other 
hand, is applied to those cleistogamous flowers in which the anthers do not dehisce, so that the 
pollen-tubes are obliged to penetrate the anther walls before they can reach the stigma. 
[Knuth does not devise fresh terms to replace those superseded. Cryptantherous and crypt- 
anthery, phaenantherous and phaenanthery, are here suggested.—TR. ] 
