Xil AUTHOR’S PREFACE 
Réder, Hoym (Anhalt); C. Verhoeff, Bonn; W. Wiistnei, Sonderburg 
(Alsen). To these gentlemen I here offer my renewed thanks. 
On the other hand, the records of flower visitors are not taken from 
works which deal with the flower pollination of a definite, circumscribed 
region. The following are among these.— 
HERMANN MULLER, Alpenblumen (Leipzig, 1881), 
P. KNUTH, Blumen und Insekten auf den nordfriesischen Inseln (Kiel and Leipzig, 
1894), 
Te boy De Pyreneeénbloemen en hare bevruchting door insecten (Ghent, 
1891), and 
J. MACLEOD, De bevruchting der bloemen in het Kempisch gedeelte van Vlaanderen 
(Ghent, 1893 and 1894)?. 
The observations set forth in these writings are, for the most part, 
only referred to in this handbook, and the flower visitors that are recorded 
are only indicated by reference to the chief groups to which they belong. 
These books are necessary for every student of flower pollination, to 
supplement the facts narrated in this handbook. 
The extraordinarily heavy and lengthy task of editing the lists of 
visitors was undertaken by D. Alfken of Bremen, with praiseworthy 
readiness. He has had the pleasure of receiving help in this work from 
the following gentlemen.— 
. FRIESE in Innsbruck (Bees), 
KoNow in Teschendorf (Saw-flies), 
. KRIEGER in Leipzig (Ichneumons), 
. KUNNEMANN in Oldenburg (Beetles), 
. VON RODER in Hoym (Flies), 
. SCHLETTERER in Innsbruck (Digging-wasps), and 
. STAUDINGER in Dresden-Blasewitz (Lepidoptera). 
op<sonan 
In writing the names of insects, Alfken has adhered to the rules 
that were laid down in the proceedings of the German Zoological Society 
in 1894 (p. 94), in which it is said (Par. 13d): ‘It is desirable always to 
write specific names with a small initial letter, following the example 
of English and American zoologists.’ 
In recent years much attention has been paid to the subject of 
synonymy in the names of insects. It has, however, not been possible 
for me always to accept the newer names, which are justified by the 
researches of recent years, and therefore are now the commonly used 
terms in entomological works, in place of the older ones employed by 
Hermann Miiller, Loew, myself, &c. When the second volume of this work, 
which preceded the first volume, was in course of preparation, the naming 
of insects was not conducted in conformity with a definite plan, and the 
matter was still under discussion. 
1 ‘The Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ by Scott-Elliot (Dumfries, 1896), also deals with flower visitors, 
and these, again, will only be indicated in the present work. 
