AUTOGAMY 35 
a position that pollen can fall upon it: Verbascum Thapsus, species of Valerianella, 
the non-twining species of Lonicera, Lilium Martagon, species of Oenothera and 
Epilobium, Tricyrtes, Morina; various Scrophulariaceae, Caryophyllaceae, and 
Ranunculaceae ; most Malvaceae. 
12. By curvature of the stigma: species of Galeopsis and Stachys, Pinguicula, 
Utricularia. 
13. Towards the end of the period of maturity the filaments and the style 
roll together in a spiral or screw-like way, getting tangled together, so that 
pollen and stigma come into contact: Commelina coelestis, Allionia violacea, 
Mirabilis Jalapa, Portulaca oleracea, Armeria vulgaris and alpina. 
14. Autogamy by shrinking, or spiral rolling back, of the branches of the 
stigma: numerous Campanulaceae and still more numerous Juncaceae, Dianthus 
glacialis and neglectus, Ballota nigra. 
15. Autogamy by the agency of petals in one of the following ways:— 
(1) anthers united to the inner side of the corolla, and the stigma comes into 
contact with and receives pollen from them on the closing of the flower (Thymelaea 
passerina); (2) anthers united with the inner side of the corolla, to begin with 
at a lower level than the stigma, but ultimately reaching the same level by the growth 
of the corolla (many Solanaceae and Gentianaceae ; some species of Euphrasia and 
Rhinanthus) ; (3) the stigma is drawn through the falling corolla, so that it touches 
the anthers still laden with pollen, or receives pollen that has adhered to the inner 
side of the corolla (Rhododendron hirsutum; Digitalis, Anchusa, Cestrum, and 
other Scrophulariaceae, Boraginaceae, and Solanaceae); (4) towards the end of the 
period of maturity the petals execute movements, so that the pollen adhering to 
their margins, surfaces, lobes, or: folds, reaches the stigma either (a) without 
elongation of the petals (Argemone, Hypecoum, Specularia), or (b) with elongation 
of the petals (Gentiana asclepiadea, G. Pneumonanthe, Colchicum, Sternbergia, 
Sisyrinchium, Crepis, Hieracium, Hypochaeris, Leontodon); (5) by actual bending 
of the corolla at the end of the period of maturity, when either mealy pollen falls on 
the stigma (Pedicularis incarnata, Oederi, foliosa, comosa, and recutita; Melampyrum 
sylvaticum), or else the anthers, covered with sticky pollen, come into contact with the 
stigma (the climbing species of honeysuckle—Lonicera Caprifolium, etrusca, and 
Periclymenum). 
16. Towards the end of the period of maturity the pollen reaches the stigma as 
the result of changes in the position and direction of the flower-stalk, while the 
position and direction of the stamens, style, and stigma remain unchanged: Tulipa 
sylvestris, Polemonium coeruleum, Saxifraga hieracifolia, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, 
Rhododendron Chamaecistus, Vaccinium, Arctostaphylos, Cerinthe, Symphytum, 
Cyclamen, Calceolaria Pavonii. 
17. Autogamy by correlated movements and curvings of flower-stalk, stamens, 
and style:—Ornithogalum nutans, Dryas octopetala; Geum coccineum, montanum, 
and reptans; Potentilla atrosanguinea and repens; Waldsteinia geoides, Adonis 
vernalis; Anemone alpina and baldensis; Pyrola uniflora, Phygelius capensis, 
Cobaea scandens, Allium Chamaemoly. 
18. Autogamy by correlated curving of the flower-stalk, and curving or folding 
_ of the petals: species of Viola; Gentiana acaulis, angustifolia, and Clusii. 
D 2 
