64 INTRODUCTION 
by carrion- or dung-flies, also by beetles. They are characterized by the smell 
of carrion, and otherwise are like 3. (Stapelia, Rafflesia). 
6. Cantharophilae (with Beetle Flowers): plants with flowers pollinated by 
beetles. These are large day-flowers with conspicuous colours. They afford 
a convenient shelter, and a superabundance of pollen, and in many cases there 
is nectar that is moderately exposed (Magnolia). 
7. Psychophilae (with Butterfly Flowers): plants with flowers pollinated by 
butterflies. Day-flowers of bright colour, with nectar hidden at the base of a very 
narrow tube (Dianthus*). 
8. Sphingophilae (with Sphinx Flowers): plants with flowers pollinated by 
Hawk-moths and Noctuids. Night-flowers of pale colour and strong agreeable 
odour, with nectar hidden at the bottom of a very long corolla-tube, or in a spur 
(Lonicera Caprifolium*, Platanthera*). 
Delpino subsequently published the preceding classification of insect-pollinated 
plants in ‘Ult. oss.’ (Atti. Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xvi, 1874), p. 152. It has 
the defect that all plants are left out of account which are visited and pollinated 
by insects of various orders indiscriminately, i.e. the large majority of ‘flowers.’ 
Herm. Miiller accordingly proposed the following classification of flowers (‘Alpen- 
blumen,’ pp. 477-511)’. 
1. Pollen-flowers, which he indicated by the symbol Po: they offer no nectar 
to visitors, but only pollen, e.g. species of the genus Papaver. 
2. Flowers with exposed nectar (symbol A). The nectar lying quite exposed 
is at once seen, and is consequently accessible to all kinds of insects. To this 
group belong most of the Umbelliferae, e.g. Daucus Carota. 
3. Flowers with neclar partly concealed (AB). The honey is only visible in 
favourable circumstances, and in bright sunshine. Almost all Cruciferae belong 
to this group, e.g. Raphanus Raphanistrum. 
4. Flowers with completely concealed nectar (B). The nectar is covered by 
projecting parts of the flower, hairs, points, &c., or is concealed in sacs, so that 
it is quite out of sight of visitors. Thymus Serpyllum. 
5. Social Flowers (B’). The nectar is concealed as in the previous class, 
but the flowers are united into heads. To this group belong all the Compositae, 
e.g. Centaurea Cyanus. 
6. Hymenopterid Flowers (H). These can only be pollinated and plundered by 
Hymenopterids. To this group belong all the papilionaceous flowers, e. g. Genista 
pilosa. 
1. Lepidopterid Flowers (F). These are chiefly visited by butterflies, the long 
thin proboscis being able to reach the nectar, which is hidden in deep narrow tubes 
or spurs. Dianthus Carthusianorum, Lonicera Periclymenum. 
8. Dipierid or Fly Flowers (D). These are visited chiefly by flies. Ruta 
graveolens, Parnassia palustris, Aristolochia Clematitis, Vincetoxicum officinale, 
Veronica Chamaedrys. 
g. Smaill-insect Flowers (K1). These are visited by quite small insects of very 
different orders. Herminium Monorchis. 
1 [The symbols of Miiller and Verhoeff are here given, but several of them are replaced 
by others in the body of the translation. See p. 67, footnote.—TR. ] 
